WILBARD J. KOMBE UNIVERSITY COLLAGE OF LANDS AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT IN LAND A2/27/2019DMINISTRATION IN EAST AFRICA: CASE OF TANZANIA WILBARD J. KOMBE UNIVERSITY COLLAGE OF LANDS AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES PRESENTED AT THE EXPERT GROUP MEETING OF TRANSPARENCY IN LAND ADMINISTRATION: A CAPACITY BUILDING AGENDA FOR AFRICA

CONTENTS Land administration (LA) definition and instruments Land administration in Tanzania Capacity building for LA Employment opportunities Emerging challenges and opportunities Conclusion

I. Land administration A process of determining, recording and disseminating of information about ownership, value and use of land when implementing land management policies. It therefore includes regulations and measures on: The rights on land The use of land The value of land

Instruments of LA Land administration and cadastre Land adjudication Land market regulations Land and property valuation Lease regulations Land banking

II. Land administration in Tanzania (1) Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development (MLHSD), the national institution responsible for land administration: Mandates in Land Administration include: Policy making in all related sub-sectors, To advice local governments on LA matters, Preparation and approval of land use plans, GPS, Cadastral surveys and property valuation, Arbitration of land disputes, Facilitate land acquisition, Approve land use changes, Collection of land and service taxes,

Most land administration activities are centralized -cont- Approve land transfers, Land registration and titling, Regularisation of informal settlements, Training of professionals and technicians, Mobilization of resources, Monitoring and control. Most land administration activities are centralized

Land administration in Tanzania (2) Local governments (City, Municipal, Town and District Authorities) responsible for day to day LA including: Preparation of (detailed land use) planning schemes, Execution of cadastral surveys, Property valuation, Registration of village land titles, Issuance of occupation license, Collection of land rent, Registration of properties, issuance of letters of offer, land allocation, property tax, land use development control etc, Preparation of application for proclamation of planning areas and certificates of occupancy

III. Capacity building for LA Manpower training Professionals; Universities – UCLAS, Nairobi, Makerere etc. Technicians; Polytechnics and Institutes - Morogoro, Tabora, Kenya Polytechnic, Survey Training School Entebe etc.

Interaction of disciplines involved in LA Land use planning and development control Land Administration Land policy, tenure Land use planning and allocation Land transaction/market Land/property valuation and taxation Land registration and titling Regularization of informal settlements Land adjudication & resolution of disputes Land / property valuation Cartography and visualization Land registers Land information management & GIS Topographic and cadastral surveys & mapping

Capacity Building for LA (1) Training Institutions Tanzania University College of Lands and Architectural Studies – Land Surveyors, Planners and Land Valuers/Managers (PhD, MSc and BSc), Morogoro Institute – Survey Technicians (Diploma and Certificates), Tabora Institute – Land Management Technicians and Cartographers (Diploma and Certificates), Kenya University of Nairobi – Land Surveyors, Planners and Land Economists, Kenya Polytechnic Uganda University of Makerere – Land Surveyors, Planners and Land Valuers and Managers Entebe Survey Training School

-Training cont- Admission and duration of courses UCLAS Over 95% - Ex form VI secondary school levers, Ex Form IV – technician courses, Diploma (2 years); Certificates (1 year), All BSc programs in LS, UP and LMV – 4 years, MSc (LMV/UP/LS) – 2 years, MSc by coursework – 3 years, Semester based (15 weeks), Integrated system-theoretical subjects and projects, Full semester dedicated to individual project/ dissertation, Eight weeks Industrial Training/year (1 – 3)

-Training cont- LA Related Courses in LMV, UP and LS Principles of land use planning; allocation and use of land resource; property valuation; land law and taxation; land administration; reform and policy Urban land use planning (theories and practices); strategic (participatory) planning; detailed layout planning; urban land management; land policy; Land Law; project management Photogrammetry; remote sensing; engineering surveying; geographic information system; cartography and visualization; cadastral surveying; (land use) settlement planning; land law; computer programming.

-Training cont- LA graduates at UCLAS (ARDHI INSTITUTE) 1975 - 1995 Year Discipline Total LMV LS UP 1975 1980 105 58 38 201 1981-1985 126 83 97 306 1986-1990 89 76 270 1991-1995 92 67 72 231 428 297 343 1068

-Training cont- LA graduates at UCLAS (2) 1996 - 2006 Year Discipline Total LMV LS URP 1996-1999 56 39 43 138 2000-2006 133 114 108 335 Totals 819 153 151 473

-Training cont- Technician level Certificate and Diploma Institutes produce between 50 – 60 (LS) graduates per year, Tabora produce about 40 (LMV/Cartographers) graduates per year

Continuing education in LA Short courses (2-3 weeks) organized at UCLAS – once/twice a year for middle and senior level professionals (40 – 60 candidates per year) Short courses at Tabora and Ardhi Institute Morogoro (technicians) – once per year (30 – 40 candidates per year) Refresher courses - Organized by ITC in Holland/ elsewhere in Africa

IV. Employment opportunities Public sector Ministries (MLHSD, PMO – RALG etc.), Local Governments, and Parastatals Private sector and employment outside the country – Namibia, South Africa and Botswana LA graduates hardly work in or for the informal land development sector – i.e. areas lacking plans, property registers or titles

Current LA manpower deficits (1) Tanzania Current deficit in LA-related disciplines (core staff) is over 300 graduates, Out of 12,000 villages, less than 800 have been surveyed. The demand for LS is very high, Estimated that implementation of Land Law (SPILL) would require 1200 LA related disciplines over the next 10 years, Over 70% of the district headquarters have no Town Planners or valuers, Only 32 out of 162 Local Authorities have Land Surveyors None of the over 2,400 wards country-wise including those with over 60,000 people have recruited any LA related professionals/technicians, Most of the Ward Executive Officers or Mtaa Executive Officers have undergone courses in LA related matters

Projected (LA) manpower deficits (2) Policy and legislative changes with high implications on manpower demand Urban Planning Act (2006) Planners Registration Act (2006) Preparation of Land Surveying Policy – on going Review of Land Surveying Ordinance – on going Housing Act – on going Regularization of Informal Settlements (Land Act, 1999)

V. Capacity Building for LA: Key challenges (1) Training Insufficient financial resources – inadequate training materials, books, ICT, journals, library, etc. (Universities & Institutes), Inadequate access to ICT/Internet facilities, Inadequate staff and teaching space, Lack of funds for research, Too long/too costly BSc and Msc LA courses, Inadequate practical exposure (half baked graduates i.e. limited hands on the ground), Weak inter-disciplinary collaboration (compartmentalized training of undergraduates and postgraduate), Inadequate dosage in subjects in the curricula, Dwindling training resources, Lack of community outreach in LA

Capacity Building for LA: Key challenges (2) Practitioners Inadequate manpower – Professionals and technicians, Lack of/poor e-government practices, Inadequate working tools – equipment (including GIS software and hardware), Poor land based information database (national and municipal levels), Inadequate skills (competence) in ICT, Poor working environment – poor office space, remuneration etc, Slow recruitment and lack of succession plans, Complex, lengthy LA procedures, Weak internalisation of the LA system, Meticulous cadastral surveys and stringent laws and regulations on LA

Capacity Building for LA: Key challenges (3) Policy makers and bureaucrats Little awareness on LA matters, Unawareness & poor appreciation of modern technology in LA, Low priority and investments in LA – related activities, Weak coherence between sectoral vision, policies, laws and implementation instruments

VI. Conclusion: Capacity Building for LA Factors restraining transparency in LA Over centralization of LA activities (MLHSD) Resource paucity – equipment, manpower (middle and technician) and funds Public unawareness about LA policies, laws and procedures Absence of update, reliable and easily retrievable information on LA matters – (land rights, land transactions, land use, etc.) Compartmentalized information management database Little regard to the informal land devlopment sector in LA programmes (insensitivity to poverty, equity etc in LA programmes

Capacity Building For LA: Way Forward What are the priorities for training and education? -Educate policy makers and senior government bureaucrats on LA matters (information management implied and capacity requirements) Develop public awareness sensitization materials on LA maters – procedures, policies, actors, rights and mandates Review post and undergraduate curricular to mainstream LA courses Develop tailor made LA courses to train middle and technician for municipalities and wards (focus on practical LA skills and knowledge), Initiate and strengthen community outreach/support programmes in Training institutions

References and sources FIG (2006); Innovative Technology for Land Administration, Proceedings of a Symposium held by FIG Commission, 7, 24-25 June 2005, University of Wisconsin, USA. Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development (T); Report on Responsibilities and Mandates of the Ministry, Regional and Local Authorities (2005)-Joblist summary by Departments, Silayo, E. (2006); Land Administration Capacity Development in Rwanda, NPT/NOR Mission, Silayo, E. (2005), Development of Education in Land Administration in Tanzania, Presentation made at FIG Commission, 7th Annual Meeting and Symposium on Innovative Technologies for Land Administration, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 19-25 June 2005,