Introduction of climatology Climate vs weather Zones of latitude TOPIC INCLUDES Introduction of climatology Climate vs weather Zones of latitude Wind current Elements of climate Sun with earth relation 1

Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions(temperature,dryness, wind ,light….) averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Modern transparent architecture demands simple, intelligent climatisation concepts, in order to allow environmentally compatible Buildings with high user comfort combined with low investment and operating costs and high functionality. 1

Objectives and Benefits…… Building climatology supports the architect in achieving a Comfortable building climate together with an energy-saving structural design. The primary emphasis is on providing maximum protection against external factors by means of passive measures concerning the building construction, such as glazed facades, storage masses and so on. Another essential aspect is the utilisation of natural resources, such as natural light, natural ventilation, solar heating and geothermal heat. 1

Weather vs Climate? Weather: Atmospheric conditions (temperature, rainfall, etc…) at a specific point in time Climate: Atmospheric conditions (temperature, rainfall, etc…) of a region over a long period of time

Zones of Latitude A region’s latitude (distance from the equator) can impact its climate. Sketch the diagram below. Polar Temperate Tropical Tropical Temperate Polar

Zones of Latitude Tropical Zones: Warm weather year round. Area between the Tropic of Cancer (23 ½ º N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ º S). Temperate Zones: Warm summers and cold winters (four seasons). Areas between Tropic of Cancer (23 ½ º N) and Arctic Circle (66 ½ º N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ º S) and the Antarctic Circle (66 ½ º S). Polar Zones: Cold year round. Areas north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.

POLAR 60°N 60°N TEMPERATE 30°N 30°N TROPICAL 30°S 30°S TEMPERATE 60°S 60°S POLAR

Wind Currents Wind currents help distribute the sun’s heat from one part of the world to another. Warmer air has lower pressure than cooler air. The cooler air rushes into the low pressure areas causing wind. Warm air currents make areas warmer than normal. Cold air currents make areas cooler than normal High Pressure Air Low Pressure Air Wind blows from areas of High Pressure to Low Pressure

Jet stream – wind currents on land that impact weather and climate. 1. How does the jet stream affect the climate of the NE?

Weather & Climate Definitions Weather- “the state of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness”. Climate – “the average course or condition of the weather at a place usually over a period of years as exhibited by temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation”  

Temperature & Humidity Temperature - Air higher in pressure is usually cooler air and air lower in pressure is usually warmer air. What happens when the two meet? Humidity - How much water is in the air over how much water could fit in the air (right before the water begins to condense out of the air). Dew point - Temperature at which the moisture saturates the air is the dew point.

The Sun’s Seasonal Path This path is hemisphere and latitude dependent