Organic Chemistry

Key Ideas 1.2 h – Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells. Once nutrients enter a cell, the cell will use them as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life. 2.1i – The work of the cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles, mostly proteins. Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a specific sequence. This sequence influences the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein, in tern determines its function.

Key Ideas 5.1c - In all organisms, organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules such as proteins, DNA, starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes. 5.1f - Biochemical processes, both breakdown and synthesis, are made possible by a large set of biological catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes can affect the rates of chemical change. The rate at which enzymes work can be influenced by internal environmental factors such as pH and temperature. 5.1g – Enzymes and other molecules, such as hormones, receptor molecules, and antibodies, have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules.

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds – A compound containing Carbon and Hydrogen The most common elements in living things are: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen All organic compounds contain CARBON & HYDROGEN Common Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid

Organic = has Carbon (C ) and Hydrogen (H) Organic or Inorganic??? Organic = has Carbon (C ) and Hydrogen (H) Inorganic Inorganic H2O  C6H12O6  CO2  NaCl  CH4  C12H22O11  ClO2  C10H14N2  HCl  NaOH  C18H12  C9H13NO  Organic Organic Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic Organic Organic Organic Organic

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Serves as a source of cellular energy (Supply Energy!!) Each composed of Simple Sugars (Building Block) Often the name end in –ose Ex: Glucose, Sucrose Energy is released in presence of oxygen by breaking the sugars down into carbon dioxide and water Enzymes may break down starches and complex sugars into simple sugars

Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide – 1 sugar molecule Disaccaride – 2 sugars bonded together Polysaccaride – 3 or more sugars bonded together Polymers – large molecules consisting of chains of repeating units

Types of Carbohydrates Mono = 1 Di = 2 Poly = 3 or more

Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules Dehydration = removing water Synthesis = putting together (combine) Catalyzed by enzymes (speeds up or slows down the rate of reaction) Simple molecules combine to form a Complex molecule Dehydration Synthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU USE MODELS!! MAKE A MINI DEMO Video – Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis model - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_p_ihfeyirg

Hydrolysis Hydrolysis – A water molecule reacts with a chain of sugar molecules to produce two simpler sugars (SPLIT) Complex molecule splits to form Simple molecules Caused by enzymes Opposite of dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis of Sucrose Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XGiIE9b9QU

Lipids Lipids – fats, oils and waxes Serves as a stored energy supply Building block = fatty acids (a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached)

Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids Saturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with single carbon to carbon bonds Ex. Cholestoral (essential compound found in animal tissue) Unsaturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with double or triple carbon to carbon bonds

Proteins Proteins – used to build and run an organism’s body Amino Acids – structural units of proteins; only 20 different types Sequence of amino acids = Protein Peptide Bonds – bond between two amino acids; bonded by dehydration synthesis It is the shape of the protein and how they fit together with other molecules that determines what proteins can do Shape = Function

Jobs of Proteins Enzymes – protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells Receptor molecules – located on cell membrane and used to receive chemical messages Antibodies – proteins in the blood that bind to help destroy foreign substances in the body Hormones – secretions of the endocrine glands

Enzymes Enzymes - protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells Catalyst – a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed Substrate – substance that an enzyme acts upon Active Site – location where the actual reaction takes place Lock and Key Model – one type of enzyme fits only one type of substrate (molecule). If the shape of the protein is changed, the protein will no longer be able to function How Enzymes Work Video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw

Factors affecting Enzymes Small amounts of an enzyme can cause the reaction of large quantities of substrate Very high temperatures cause proteins and enzymes to lose their shape so that they no longer work properly. This is why high fevers are dangerous. Each enzymes work best at a certain pH Rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on the concentrations of the enzyme and substrate All can cause denaturation (process in which three-dimensional active site on the protein no longer fits the active site of the substrate) Enzyme Lab – What factors affect enzyme activity? Video - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3b7Nuy0Xuuw

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid – hereditary material that is passed on from one generation to the next during reproduction; directs and controls the development and activities of all cells Contains a 5-carbon sugar, phosphorous group and a nitrogen base Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Nucleic Acid

Structure of DNA & RNA RNA – a single stranded chain of nucleotides DNA – a double stranded chain of nucleotides that resembles the shape of a twisted ladder Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine( C) and Guanine (G) Base Pairing : A - T C - G RNA – a single stranded chain of nucleotides Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C ) and Guanine (G) Base Pairing: A – U C - G