Evolution of Organisms and Biodiversity of Freshwaters Chapter 11 Evolution of Organisms and Biodiversity of Freshwaters Dodds & Whiles ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.1(A) (A) A groundwater-dwelling isopod (Caecidotea tridentata). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.1(B) (B) A green heron (Butorides striatus). Image courtesy of Steve Hamilton. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.2 A diagram of diversity in two sets of ponds. When A–D are considered versus E–H, both have approximately the same overall diversity. When α diversity (within-habitat diversity) is measured, ponds in the A–D group have lower diversity than those in the E–H group. When β diversity (between-habitat diversity) is measured, ponds in the A–D group have higher diversity than those in the E–H group. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.3 Number of endemic species for some large lakes of the world. The area of the North American Great Lakes is approximately 10 times greater than that of any of the other lakes shown. (Reproduced with permission from Cohen, 1995). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.4 A variety of Gammarids from Lake Baikal, demonstrating diversity of body form: (A) Ommatogammarus albinus, body length up to 25 mm; (B) Abyssogammarus sarmatus, body length up to 63 mm; (C) Crypturopus pachytus, body length up to 18 mm; (D) Garjajewia cabanisi, body length up to 80 mm. (Reproduced with permission from Kozhov, 1963). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.5 Some of the many varieties of fishes in the family Cichlidae from Lake Tanganyika. Julidochromis, omnivorous; Petrochromis, herbivorous; Tropheus, herbivorous; Cyphotilapia, ambush predator, gastropods; Bathybates, piscivorous; Lobochilotes, insectivorous. (From Gillespie et al., 2001). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.6 Representative invertebrate groups as a function of habitat in a small lake. (Redrawn from Thorp and Covich, 1991c). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.7 Number of diatom species on glass plates of various surface areas after 1 week in Ridley Creek. (Data from Patrick, 1967). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.8 Number of invertebrates as a function of stone size in an Australian stream (A; from Douglas and Lake, 1994) and number of fish as a function of lake size in small Wisconsin lakes (B; data from Tonn and Magnuson, 1982). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 11.9 Jars of frogs killed by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a national park in Panama, and a dead Bufo haematiticus lying in a stream. The white substance on the toad’s parotoid glands is a poisonous secretion that the toad released as it was stressed and dying. (Photographs courtesy of Scott Connelly and Forrest Brem). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.