Jia Guo, MD, Xin Lin, PhD, Marc A

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Yin-Yang 1 regulates effector cytokine gene expression and TH2 immune responses Jia Guo, MD, Xin Lin, PhD, Marc A. Williams, PhD, Qutayba Hamid, MD, PhD, Steve N. Georas, MD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 122, Issue 1, Pages 195-201.e5 (July 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012 Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Effector cytokine secretion, YY-1 protein expression, and promoter occupancy are reduced in CD4+ T cells from yy-1+/− mice. CD4+ T cells were purified from WT and yy-1+/− heterozygous (HET) spleen cells and stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies as indicated, followed by analysis of cytokine secretion by means of ELISA (A-C) or ChIP assay and PCR primers spanning the proximal IL-4 promoter (D). Results are the means ± SEMs of 4 to 5 mice per genotype analyzed in duplicate (Fig 1, A-C) or from 1 experiment representative of 3 (Fig 1, D). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Antigen-driven CD4+ T-cell cytokine secretion is attenuated by partial yy-1 deficiency. Spleen CD4+ T cells were purified from WT or yy-1+/− (heterozygous) OTII.2 TCR transgenic mice and incubated with WT APCs and OVA323-339 peptide for 48 hours (see the Methods section). After 48 hours, supernatants were harvested, and cytokine secretion was analyzed by means of ELISA for IL-4 (A and C), IL-2 (B and D), and IFN-γ (E). Data in Fig 2, A and B, are from 1 experiment run in triplicate (representative of 3), whereas data in Fig 2, C through E, are the means ± SEMs of 4 mice per genotype. ∗P < .05 and ∗∗P < .01 for differences between genotypes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Airway inflammation and allergen-driven cytokine production are attenuated in yy-1+/− mice in a mouse model of asthma. WT and yy-1+/− (HET) mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA as indicated (see the Methods section), followed 48 hours later by analysis of lung lavage fluids by means of cytospin for eosinophils (A) and lymphocytes (B). Splenocytes were incubated with or without OVA (20 μg/mL) for 48 hours, and recall IL-4 expression was measured by means of ELISA (C) or RT-PCR compared with GATA-3 and GAPDH (D). Data are the means ± SEMs of 15 (Fig 3, A and B) or 20 (Fig 3, C) mice per genotype. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 YY-1 expression is increased in the airways in asthmatic subjects. Endobronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from healthy and asthmatic subjects and analyzed by using immunohistochemistry for expression of YY-1+ and CD3+ cells (see the Methods section). A and B show representative staining of YY-1 and CD3, respectively, from a subject with asthma. C shows the mean ± SEMs of 6 healthy and 12 asthmatic subjects, respectively. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Partial YY-1 deficiency inhibits T-cell proliferation. Proliferation of spleen CD4+ T cells from WT and heterozygous (HET) mice was analyzed by monitoring CFSE dilution by means of immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. A shows representative data from 1 experiment, and B is the average ± SEMs of 3 experiments using antigen-stimulated TCR transgenic T cells from WT (red) and yy-1+/− (HET; blue) mice studied after 72 hours. ∗P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Characterization of yy-1+/+ WT and yy-1+/− heterozygous mice Characterization of yy-1+/+ WT and yy-1+/− heterozygous mice. A, Genomic DNA was isolated from WT and heterozygous mice and analyzed by using PCR with primers amplifying the neomycin cassette or endogenous yy-1 gene (see the Methods section in the Online Repository). Results are from 1 mouse representative of more than 20, indicating reduced abundance of the yy-1 gene in heterozygous mice. B, Total mRNA was extracted from resting splenocytes and analyzed by means of RT-PCR with primers amplifying YY-1 or GAPDH cDNAs. C, YY-1 expression was analyzed by means of Western blotting in whole-cell lysates from splenocytes or purified spleen CD4+ T cells, with anti-GAPDH antibodies as lane-loading controls. Results in panels Fig E1, B and C, are from 1 pair of age- and sex-matched WT or heterozygous littermates and are representative of 6. D, Thymocytes from 6-week-old WT or heterozygous mice were analyzed by means of flow cytometry with antibodies directed against CD4 or CD8 alone or in combination. The table shows that the average number of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ cells was not significantly different in 3 mice per genotype. The size and total cellularity of the thymus was also similar (data not shown). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Reduced effector cytokine secretion in yy-1+/− heterozygous mice on different genetic backgrounds. A, CD4+ T cells from heterozygous (HET) yy-1+/− mice on the BALB/c background (solid bars) or littermate WT control animals (open bars) were stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies for 72 hours, and cell-free supernatants were analyzed by using the multiplex cytokine bead array for the indicated cytokines. ∗P < .05 based on genotype. B, TCR transgenic mice on the C57BL/6 (OTII.2) or BALB/c (DO11.10) backgrounds were generated that were either WT or heterozygous at the yy-1 locus by means of selective breeding. Spleen CD4+ cells were obtained from the respective strains and incubated with OVA peptide–loaded syngeneic APCs (see the Methods section) for 48 hours, and cytokine secretion was measured by means of ELISA. Results are expressed as the relative secretion of the indicated cytokines from HET TCR transgenic T cells compared with WT cells and are the means ± SEMs of 3 per group. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Analysis of gene expression in yy-1+/− T cells by using quantitative RT-PCR arrays. Spleen CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 WT and yy-1+/− heterozygous mice (n = 3 each) were stimulated for 48 hours with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies, and total mRNA was extracted (see the Methods section in the Online Repository). Quantitative gene expression was analyzed by using a 96-well RT-PCR array (Mouse TH1/TH2/TH3 pathway array, SuperArray) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Relative gene expression was calculated by using the 2−ΔΔCt method normalized to the expression of 5 endogenous control genes (18S rRNA, HPRT1, RPL13A, GAPDH, and ACTB), which did not differ significantly based on genotype (data not shown). Values are presented as an average fold change of 2−(average ΔΔCt) for genes in CD4+ T cells from yy-1+/− versus WT mice grouped according to functional category as indicated (A-D). ∗P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Partial deficiency of yy-1 compromises TH2 differentiation Partial deficiency of yy-1 compromises TH2 differentiation. Spleen CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 WT and yy-1+/− heterozygous mice (n = 3 each) were differentiated under neutral (TH0), TH1, or TH2 conditions as indicated, and IL-4 expression was measured by means of ELISA after cell restimulation (see the Methods section in the Online Repository). yy-1+/− T cells under neutral conditions produced less IL-4, although this result did not reach statistical significance. ∗P < .05, showing reduced IL-4 secretion under TH2 conditions. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 122, 195-201.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.012) Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions