KEY CONCEPT Specific environmental conditions are necessary in order for fossils to form.

Fossils can form in several ways. 1. Permineralization occurs when minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure.

2. A natural cast forms when flowing water removes all of the original tissue, leaving an impression.

3. Trace fossils record the activity of an organism.

4. Amber-preserved fossils are organisms that become trapped in tree resin that hardens after the tree is buried.

5. Preserved remains form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice.

Specific conditions are needed for fossilization. Only a tiny percentage of living things became fossils. Permineralization, part 1 (upper left): The process of permineralization requires rapid burial in an area with water and continuous sedimentation. Permineralization, part 2 (upper right): The process of permineralization requires rapid burial in an area with water and continuous sedimentation.

Permineralization, part 3: The process of permineralization requires rapid burial in an area with water and continuous sedimentation. INFER: What conditions could occur that would prevent an organism from being preserved through permineralization? SUMMARIZE: Why are so few complete fossils discovered?

Radiometric dating provides an accurate way to estimate the age of fossils. Relative dating estimates the time during which an organism lived. It compares the placement of fossils in layers of rock. Scientists infer the order in which species existed. This method does not provide the actual age of fossils.

Radiometric dating uses decay of unstable isotopes to estimate a fossil’s actual, or absolute age.. All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons. Isotopes are named for the total number of protons and neutrons in their nuclei. neutrons protrons

Radiometric dating uses decay of unstable isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in their number of neutrons. A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope to decay.

Scientist measuring radioactive decay from a sample of bone.