Venous endothelial function in postmenopausal women who are receiving long-term estrogen and progestagen therapy  Concepción Ceballos, Constantino Ribes,

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Venous endothelial function in postmenopausal women who are receiving long-term estrogen and progestagen therapy  Concepción Ceballos, Constantino Ribes, José A Amado, M.D., Josefina Pérez, M.D., Marı́a Teresa Garcı́a Unzueta, José R de Berrazueta, M.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 74, Issue 2, Pages 268-273 (August 2000) DOI: 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00627-0

Figure 1 (A), Effect of nitric oxide (NO)–dependent relaxation of the dorsal hand vein induced by bradykinin, given at 2 (Bk 2), 4 (Bk 4), and 8 (Bk 8) pmol/min in group A. Values were measured at baseline (“Basal”); at 6 months, during which postmenopausal women in group A did not receive hormone replacement therapy (HRT); and 12 months, after women in group A had received HRT for 6 months. The NO dependent relaxation improved significantly (∗∗P=.002). (B), Effect of NO-dependent relaxation of the dorsal hand vein induced by bradykinin at the above doses in group B. Values were measured at baseline (“Basal”); at 6 months, during which postmenopausal women in group B had received HRT; and at 12 months, after women in group B had discontinued HRT for 6 months. At 6 months, significant improvement in NO-dependent relaxation was seen (∗∗∗P<.0001), but at 12 months, this effect was lost. Ceballos. Venous endothelial function in HRT. Fertil Steril 2000. Fertility and Sterility 2000 74, 268-273DOI: (10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00627-0)

Figure 1 (A), Effect of nitric oxide (NO)–dependent relaxation of the dorsal hand vein induced by bradykinin, given at 2 (Bk 2), 4 (Bk 4), and 8 (Bk 8) pmol/min in group A. Values were measured at baseline (“Basal”); at 6 months, during which postmenopausal women in group A did not receive hormone replacement therapy (HRT); and 12 months, after women in group A had received HRT for 6 months. The NO dependent relaxation improved significantly (∗∗P=.002). (B), Effect of NO-dependent relaxation of the dorsal hand vein induced by bradykinin at the above doses in group B. Values were measured at baseline (“Basal”); at 6 months, during which postmenopausal women in group B had received HRT; and at 12 months, after women in group B had discontinued HRT for 6 months. At 6 months, significant improvement in NO-dependent relaxation was seen (∗∗∗P<.0001), but at 12 months, this effect was lost. Ceballos. Venous endothelial function in HRT. Fertil Steril 2000. Fertility and Sterility 2000 74, 268-273DOI: (10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00627-0)

Figure 2 Comparative inhibition of NO-dependent relaxation of the dorsal hand vein by administration of NG-monomethyl l-arginine (l-NMMA) in postmenopausal women. Women in group A had not received hormone replacement therapy at 6 months, whereas women in group B had been receiving it from baseline to that time point. The maximum relaxation achieved with bradykinin (Bk) was suppressed by the effect of l-NMMA, the competitive inhibitor of the nitric oxide precursor l-arginine. This finding indicates that bradykinin promotes relaxation through the release of endothelial nitric oxide. Ceballos. Venous endothelial function in HRT. Fertil Steril 2000. Fertility and Sterility 2000 74, 268-273DOI: (10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00627-0)

Figure 3 Exogenous nitric oxide–independent relaxation of the dorsal hand vein in postmenopausal women induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The effect of sodium nitroprusside was similar in group A (women who did not receive hormone replacement therapy in the 6 months after the baseline visit) and group B (women who received hormone replacement therapy in the 6 months after the baseline visit). Ceballos. Venous endothelial function in HRT. Fertil Steril 2000. Fertility and Sterility 2000 74, 268-273DOI: (10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00627-0)