University High School Chapter 28 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order Ms. Ford University High School AP World History

The Coming of the Great War Russia allied with France and Britain (Triple Entente). Germany allied with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (Central Powers or Triple Alliance). Alliance systems were set up because of imperialist rivalries over the few colonies still left. After Germany began building a navy, all nations began creating more and more weapons. With growing labor unrest, the arms race provided employment for Europeans.

The Coming of the Great War Ethnic divisions and interstate rivalries in the Balkans added tension to Europe. July 1914- Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. Princip was a Serbian nationalist. Austria-Hungary demanded things from Serbia that they could never give. Russia supported Serbia and Germany supported Austria-Hungary.

The Coming of the Great War Instead of a regional war, the alliance system was used. Germany was worried of fighting a war on both sides. Germany wanted to attack France first through Belgium. Britain entered the war to protect the Belgium. Naval allies soon jumped in the war.

A World At War Most European nations thought the war would be quick and decisive. Germany did not have a quick victory in France. German advance was halted on the Marne River and this became the Western Front. Trench warfare ensued. In just the year 1916, Germans lost 850,000 soldiers, France lost 700,000 soldiers, and Britain lost 400,000 on the Western Front.

A World At War Russia focused on Austria-Hungary and eastern Germany but were easily defeated by Germany troops. Austria-Hungary crushed Serbia but did not do as well against Russia. Italy switched from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente in 1915. Most Italian assaults ended in disaster. British and French troops had to be deployed to stop Austrian advance.

A World At War Government developed propaganda to insure citizens would support the war. Many aspects of industrialization were taken over by the governments. Women participated greatly on the home front.

A World At War Troops were recruited from colonies, mostly fighting for the Triple Entente. Effective British naval blockades ensured Germany would not reach its colonies and they would not have raw materials. Canada, Australia and New Zealand contributed resources to Great Britain. Germany’s main support was the Ottoman Empire, who entered WWI in 1915. Young Turk leaders assaulted Armenia, and the Armenian genocide ensued.

A World At War The United States entered WWI in 1917. Americans had made money from selling food, weapons and giving loans to the Entente. German U-Boats had sunk the Lusitania, a British luxury liner that carried American passengers. Germany also promised Mexico a gain in territory, which was intercepted in the Zimmermann Note.

Zimmermann Note On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement... You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmermann

The World At War After Russia was knocked out of the war, Germany transferred more soldiers to the Western Front. American soldiers stalled German advance. Austria-Hungarian empire abdicated as separate republics, Austria and Hungary. German commanders agreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918. WWI claimed 10 million lives and wounded 20 million.

Failed Peace The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was a meeting of allied leaders to determine peace terms for Europe and how to deal with defeated empires after the armistice. There were disagreements amongst the Entente on how to deal with Germany. Germany was given no part in drafting the treaty. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was dismembered into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

Failed Peace Many treaties were passed but the Treaty of Versailles was the most important. Germany had to accept blame for the entire war. Germany had to limit their army to 100,000 soldiers. Germany lost territory. Germany had to also pay reparations totaling approximately $32 billion to Entente members.

Failed Peace The League of Nations was established after WWI to ensure that war would never happen again. Germany and Russia were not allowed to participate. The League of Nations helped many national disputes and was a pre-cursor to the United Nations.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order To win support of Western-educated elites and new allies in different regions, the French and British made many promises regarding postwar settlement. Anti-colonial movements were seen after social and economic disruptions to the colonies. The war gave support to anti-colonial movements in European colonies.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The National Congress Party led India to independence and governed India through its postcolonial era. The NCP was formed in 1885 and was supported by many British officials. The NCP gave Indians a sense of identity. Indians became concerned over the budget, where most monies went to the British army and British administrators.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order India contributed significantly to World War I as a colony of Great Britain. War time inflation affected all segments of the Indian population. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 gave Indian legislators increased control. The Rowlatt Act restricted Indian civil rights.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Mohandas Gandhi emerged as an Indian leader. He preached non-violent but aggressive protest against colonization. Gandhi built up a strong following with the middle-class. He also combined Western-educated ideas with Hindu values. Nationalist protest surged.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order The British had occupied Egypt in 1882. Egyptians dissent began in the early 1900’s, vying to expose the British monopolies within the bureaucracy. British arrogance and superiority was seen in events like the Dinshawai Incident and the killing of pigeons in rural areas.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order After WWI, the Ottoman Empire disappeared. By 1923, an independent Turkish republic had been established. French and British forces occupied much of the Middle East, even after promises for Arab independence. Syria, Iraq and Lebanon were carved out in the League of Nations. Movements for Jewish occupation in Palestine were seen after WWI, but Turks were promised independence after the war.

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order During the war, the British defended the Suez Canal and used critical resources from Egypt in the war. After protests, British withdrawal began in 1922 and didn’t end until British withdrawal of the Suez Canal in 1936. Even though Egypt had independence, Egyptian politicians were concerned more with power and wealth, than with helping the poor.

Chapter 29 Discussion Questions What events led to the outbreak of World War I? Describe war on the Western Front. What events led to the involvement of the United States in WWI? Describe the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles. Describe independence movements in India and in Egypt.