Do Now: Turn in Introduction to bin (make sure your name is on it) Final Lab Report must be turned electronically and a hard copy Take the “Body Systems” Pretest on a computer or phone using the following information: Site ID: 28-5643-9955 Test ID: 79674 Student ID: Your ID Take the paper version of the “Ecology” Pretest Make a list of what you know about types of blood cells

Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. Blood is living tissue carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. fights infection and helps heal wounds There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood.

What makes up our blood? PLATELETS PLASMA Yellowish liquid portion of blood Contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC’s) involved in the immune system PLATELETS involved in blood clotting RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC’s) involved in carrying oxygen

White Blood Cells (WBCs) = Also called Leukocytes Function: Protect the body from infection Cells of the immune system Functions in loose connective tissue outside the bloodstream Structure: WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than Red Blood Cells Most produced in bone marrow

Red Blood Cell Structure And Function Contains hemoglobin – oxygen carrying protein Structure: Have no organelles or nuclei Made in our bone marrow

RBC membranes have Antigens Also called glycoproteins Are proteins on surface of cell Used as a cell recognition Presence or absence of antigens used to classify blood groups

Genetics of Blood Types Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You inherit one blood type gene from your MOTHER and one blood type gene from your FATHER. These genes determine your blood type by making certain surface proteins on all of your red blood cells. There are 3 different surface proteins (antigen) that determine your blood type – type A, type B, and Rh factor

Genetics - What are blood types? There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes (one from mom and one from dad), there are 6 possible combinations. Blood type is determined by the surface proteins also known as antigens (A, B, O) Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

Genetics of Blood Type Practice Refresher ? – A woman with blood type “AB” marries a man with a homozygous blood type “A”. What are the possible blood types of their children?

Blood Types – A and B proteins Red Blood Cell Type Antigens (surface proteins present) A A Antigen B B Antigen AB A and B Antigens O none Remember: Antigen refers to a particular protein found on the surface of a cell. Surface proteins (antigens) are how cells recognize whether a cell belongs (good cell) or does not (bad cell / pathogen)

Rh Factors A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh factor. Rh positive (Rh+): blood contains Rh protein, Rh negative (Rh-): blood does not contain Rh protein A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

Example: “A” positive (A+) blood type, has both type A and Rh proteins on the surface of the red blood cells. Practice: What proteins would a “B” negative (B-) blood type have?

On each blood cell add the proper surface proteins (A, B, Rh) “A – ” Blood “A +” Blood 8 Blood Types “B – ” Blood “B +” Blood “AB – ” Blood “AB +” Blood “O – ” Blood “O +” Blood

“A – ” Blood “A +” Blood “B – ” Blood “B +” Blood “AB – ” Blood Rh A Rh A A A A A Rh A Rh “B – ” Blood “B +” Blood B Rh B Rh B Rh B B B B B Rh “AB – ” Blood “AB +” Blood B A Rh B A A B Rh A B Rh A B A Rh “O – ” Blood “O +” Blood Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh

How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%

Blood - Antibodies Blood is also packed with proteins called antibodies. These antibodies will recognize and attack foreign molecules. Example: If a person with type “A” blood that has Anti-B antibodies, is given type “B” blood, it will see the type “B” blood as a “pathogen” and attack it, causing the blood to clump together

Which blood is compatible which each other? How do you know? Lab Blood Compatibility

Blood - Antibodies Red Blood Cell Type Antigens (surface proteins present) Antibodies Present (has antibodies against that blood type – not compatible) A A Antigen Anti-B B B Antigen Anti-A AB A and B Antigens None O none Anti-A and Anti-B Which blood is compatible which each other? How do you know?

Blood Transfusions O A B AB A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. A B O AB Universal Donor Who can give you blood? People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh +  Can receive + or - Rh -  Can only receive - Universal Recipient

Blood Transfusions Never give the patient (recipient) a blood protein that is foreign to their body. If the donor blood cells have surface proteins that are different than the recipients, then the antibodies in the recipients blood recognizes the donor blood as foreign and triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting.

Check Point Question What are the 3 proteins (antigens) found on blood cells that determine your blood type? 2. What type of proteins does blood type “O +” have on it’s surface? 3. Can a person with type “O” blood receive blood from a person with type “A” blood? Why or why not?