Forces in the Earth.

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Presentation transcript:

Forces in the Earth

What are Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting (breaking of rocks) Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks Aftershock: small earthquakes following a large earthquake

Forces in the Earth’s Crust Stress Force applied to the rocks eventually exceeds the strength of the rock Bending Stretching Tilting Folding Sliding

Types of Stress Tension: pulls on the crust Stretching it Causing a thinning in the middle Divergent boundaries: 2 plates move apart

Types of Stress Compression: pushes on the crust Folding it Causing a thickening in the middle Convergent boundaries: 2 plates move together

Types of Stress Shearing: pushes on the crust in 2 different directions Slide past Transform boundaries: 2 plates move past each other

What is the Elastic Rebound Theory? Explains how energy is stored in rocks Rocks bend until the strength of the rock is exceeded Rupture occurs and the rocks quickly rebound to an undeformed shape Energy is released in waves that radiate outward from the fault

Parts of a fault Hanging Wall The side of the fault that is thicker at the top and thinner at the bottom It looks like a man could “hang” from the edge Footwall The side of the fault that is thinner at the top and thicker at the bottom It looks like a man could walk up the edge

Types of Faults: Dip-slip (vertical motion) Normal fault Hanging wall moves down compared to footwall Reverse Fault Hanging wall moves up compared to footwall

Types of Faults: Strike-slip (horizontal motion) Lateral right Motion is to the right Lateral left Motion is to the left

Changing the Shape of the Crust Anticlines: a upward fold in a rock that forms a hill Synclines: a downward fold in rock that forms a valley Two plates colliding (convergent) causing folds Examples of Folded Mountains: Appalachian in N. America & Himalayan in Asia

Changing the Shape of the Crust Fault block Mountains When 2 plates move away Forming 2 Normal Faults parallel to each other Examples: Sierra Nevada & Beaverhead Range