Lesson Objectives: Chapter 21: Section 1 - Taking on Segregation Standard Addressed: 11.10 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights. CH 21-SEC 1 Lesson Objectives: Chapter 21: Section 1 - Taking on Segregation 1. Explain how legalized segregation deprived African Americans of their rights as citizens. 2. Summarize civil rights legal activity and the response to the Plessy and Brown cases. 3. Trace Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s, civil rights activities, beginning with the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 4. Describe the expansion of the civil rights movement.

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A BULLDOG ALWAYS CARES Commitment Attitude Respect Encouragement Safety

Civil Rights NEXT

Civil Rights

Section 1 Taking on Segregation Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. NEXT

The Segregation System Plessy v. Ferguson Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional Continued . . . NEXT

Plessy v. Ferguson Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites

Plessy v. Ferguson Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – What were the effects of the Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson? The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was not unconstitutional, Southern states, passed segregationist Jim Crow laws.

Guided Reading: 1. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do? Outlawed segregation in public facilities

“Injustice anywhere is an injustice everywhere” MLK

http://forhumanliberation. blogspot http://forhumanliberation.blogspot.com/2015/02/1743-american-history-lynching-of.html From 1848 to 1928, mobs murdered thousands of Mexicans, though surviving records allowed us to clearly document only about 547 cases. These lynchings occurred not only in the southwestern states of Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas, but also in states far from the border, like Nebraska and Wyoming.

From the 1890s onwards, the majority of those lynched were black, including at least 159 women. Between 1882 and 1968, the Tuskegee Institute recorded 1,297 lynchings of whites and 3,446 lynchings of blacks. However, lynchings of members of other ethnic groups, such as Mexicans and Chinese, have been shown to have been undercounted in the Tuskegee Institute's records. One of the largest mass lynchings in American history arose in 1891, when a mob lynched eleven Italian immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana, following their acquittal on charges of killing of the local police chief.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 2. How did the Court rule in Plessy? Upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" law as constitutional

Segregation Continues into the 20th Century After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent job competition NEXT

SEGREGATION

A Developing Civil Rights Movement Need for fighting men makes armed forces end discriminatory policies Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home NEXT

Congress of Racial Equality – CORE – worked to end segregation and discrimination

WW II creates job opportunities for African Americans FDR ends government, war industries discrimination

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS B – How did events during World War II lay the groundwork for African Americans to fight for civil rights in the 1950s? Blacks had experienced better job opportunities; Many veterans who had fought racist Germans wanted to resist racist Americans; Civil rights groups had staged some successful protest.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 3. In what three ways did World War II help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement? the war opened up job opportunities for African Americans b. African-American soldiers returned home determined to fight for their own freedom c. during the war, organizations had campaigned for civil rights.

Challenging Segregation in Court The NAACP Legal Strategy Professor Charles Hamilton Houston leads NAACP legal campaign Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall - win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court NEXT

Brown v. Board of Education Challenging Segregation in Court Brown v. Board of Education Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation NEXT

The Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court In office October 2, 1967– October 1, 1991 NEXT

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS C – How did the Brown decision affect schools outside of Topeka? Brown said that segregation has no place in public education, so all public school must desegregate.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 4. Who argued Brown’s case? Thurgood Marshall; NAACP 5. What did the Brown ruling declare? That segregation is unconstitutional

Segregation: in busses blacks had to ride in the back and had to give up their seat to whites, also could not sit next to whites

Boycotting Segregation The Montgomery Bus Boycott Boycotting Segregation 1955 NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr. leader NEXT

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Walking for Justice African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation NEXT

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS F – Why was Rosa Park’s action on December 1, 1955 significant? Parks’ refusal to yield her seat to a white man led to a boycott; It also brought Martin Luther King Jr. to prominence.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 6. What organization was formed to support Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association 7. What did it do? Organized a boycott of Montgomery buses

Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate Resistance to School Desegregation Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed” Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible Continued . . . NEXT

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS D – Why weren’t schools in all regions desegregated immediately after the Brown II decision? Some southern whites and state officials resisted segregation , and neither the president nor congress forced them to act quickly.

Reaction to the Brown Decision

African-American students harassed by whites at school all year 1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power over schools, voting NEXT

Crisis in Little Rock Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away black students

Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school NEXT

On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of the hands of Faubus.

Crisis in Little Rock Woodrow Wilson Mann, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students.

Crisis in Little Rock Protest against integration

Crisis in Little Rock Protest against integration

Crisis in Little Rock Protest for integration

Crisis in Little Rock Protest for integration

Crisis in Little Rock Protest for integration

Crisis in Little Rock Protest for integration

Crisis in Little Rock Protest for integration

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS E – What effect do you think television coverage of the Little Rock incident had on the nation? Television allowed people to see the white separatists’ cruel treatment of African American students.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 8. How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? Placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control; ordered in paratroopers

Martin Luther King and the SCLC Changing the World with Soul Force King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force” - civil disobedience, massive demonstrations King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision NEXT

Martin Luther King and the SCLC From the Grassroots Up King, others founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) NEXT

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS G – W hat were the central points of Dr. King’s philosophy? “Soul force” or nonviolent resistance, which included acts of civil disobedience, demonstrations and adherence to nonviolence.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: 9. Who was the president of SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr 10. What was SCLC’s purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades" against racism

Doppelganger or time traveler?

Martin Luther King and the SCLC From the Grassroots Up By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) NEXT

SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins: - refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The Movement Spreads Demonstrating for Freedom First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states NEXT

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS H – What was the role of the SCLC? It organized protest and demonstrations to promote civil rights.

Guided Reading: Guided Reading: What did SNCC accomplish, and how? Desegregated lunch counters; sit-ins

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Guided Reading: What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do? Outlawed segregation in public facilities How did the Court rule in Plessy? Upheld Louisiana's "separate but equal" law as constih1tional In what three ways did World War II help set the stage for the modern civil rights movement? a. the war opened up job opportunities for African Americans b. African-American soldiers returned home determined to fight for their own freedom c. during the war, organizations had campaigned for civil rights. Who argued Brown’s case? Thurgood Marshall; NAACP What did the Brown ruling declare? That segregation is unconstitutional What organization was formed to support Rosa Parks? The Montgon1ery Improvement Association What did it do? Organized a boycott of Montgomery buses How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? Placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control; ordered in paratroopers Who was the president of SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr What was SCLC’s purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades" against racism What did SNCC accomplish, and how? Desegregated lunch counters; sit-ins