Urinalysis: Core Curriculum 2008 Giovanni B. Fogazzi, MD, Simona Verdesca, MD, Giuseppe Garigali, ScD  American Journal of Kidney Diseases  Volume 51, Issue 6, Pages 1052-1067 (June 2008) DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.039 Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 (A) Isomorphic erythrocytes, some with a “crenated” appearance (arrows); (B) different types of dysmorphic erythrocytes; (C) acanthocytes or G1 cells with their typical shape (arrows); and (D) proximal renal tubular cells with round shape, large nucleus, and granular cytoplasm. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008 51, 1052-1067DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.039) Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 (A) “Oval fat bodies” or macrophages packed with lipid droplets. (B) The same particles seen by polarized light. Note the Maltese crosses with symmetrical arms. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008 51, 1052-1067DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.039) Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 (A) A finely granular cast; (B) a waxy cast with the typical “melted wax” appearance, irregular edges, and high refractive index; (C) an erythrocyte cast; and (D) a renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) cast with RTECs easily identifiable because of their large nucleus. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008 51, 1052-1067DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.039) Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 (A) A cholesterol crystal made up of plates heaped 1 upon another. Note the clear-cut edges and corners. (B) Cystine crystals heaped 1 upon another. Note the irregular hexagonal shape. (C) Birefringent star-like crystals of ciprofloxacin. (D) Amoxicillin crystals appearing as needles, shocks of wheat, and “broom bush,” all strongly birefringent under polarized light. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008 51, 1052-1067DOI: (10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.039) Copyright © 2008 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions