Cytomegalovirus reactivation enhances the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in a mouse model S. Hraiech, J. Bordes, J.L. Mège, X. de Lamballerie,

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Cytomegalovirus reactivation enhances the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in a mouse model S. Hraiech, J. Bordes, J.L. Mège, X. de Lamballerie, R. Charrel, Y. Bechah, B. Pastorino, C. Guervilly, J.M. Forel, M. Adda, J.M. Rolain, H. Lepidi, D. Raoult, S. Lehingue, L. Papazian Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages 38-45 (January 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.025 Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Design of the study protocol. MCMV, murine cytomegalovirus; MSSA, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 38-45DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.025) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Body weight loss after methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in murine cytomegalovirus-positive and control mice. The x-axis represents the days after staphylococcal pneumonia. The initial body weight of the mice is symbolized by ‘0’. The curves represent the cumulative daily weight loss of both groups. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant at day 3. *p 0.005 between the two groups. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 38-45DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.025) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Lung abscesses 5 days and 15 days after staphylococcal pneumonia in murine cytomegalovirus mice. Left picture: left lung abscess; right picture: right lung abscess. Abscesses are indicated by black arrows. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 38-45DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.025) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Lung bacterial count 2 days and 5 days after staphylococcal pneumonia in murine cytomegalovirus and control mice. The box plot limits represent the 25th and 75th centiles, and the bars represent the 5th and 95th centiles. The median is represented as a horizontal line. Extreme values are represented by circles. *p 0.007 between the two groups at day 2. #p 0.005 between the two groups at day 5. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 38-45DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.025) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Interferon-α (a) and interferon-γ (b) levels 2, 5 and 15 days after staphylococcal pneumonia in murine cytomegalovirus and control mice. The box plot limits represent the 25th and 75th centiles, and the bars represent the 5th and 95th centiles. The median is represented as a horizontal line. Outliers are represented by triangles; extremes values are represented by circles. *p 0.02 for interferon-α at day 2 between the two groups. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2017 23, 38-45DOI: (10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.025) Copyright © 2016 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions