Chapter 5 - Heredity

Section 1: Mendel and His Peas Chapter 5 Heredity Section 1: Mendel and His Peas Section 2: Traits and Inheritance Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Objectives Explain the relationship between traits and heredity. Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Mendel and His Peas Do Now Section 1 You have probably noticed that different people have different characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, or whether or not their earl lobes attach directly to their head or hang down loosely. These characteristics are called traits. The traits listed above are physical but animals have behavioral traits as well. Examples include the way cats lick themselves to clean their fur, or the way many birds fly south for the winter. Where do you think people and animals get these different traits? How do you think they are passed from one generation to the next? Write your answers in your science journal. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Heredity: the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring Section 1 Mendel and His Peas What is heredity? Heredity: the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring Who Was Gregor Mendel? Scientific Monk Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria. When he was 21 years old, Mendel entered a monastery. The monks taught science and performed many scientific experiments. Sent to Vienna to study teaching. Had trouble passing tests in school even though he did well in school. Returned to the monastery to research Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Unraveling the Mystery Mendel knew that traits show up in some generations and not in others and then showed up in the following generation. He wanted to figure out why. Self-Pollinating Peas: From working with plants, Mendel knew that the patterns of inheritance were not always clear. Mendel decided to do research with peas that pollinate themselves. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Self-Pollinating Peas Self-pollinating plants have both male and female reproductive structures. Pollen from one flower can fertilize the ovule of another flower on the same plant.

Structures in Flowers

Unraveling the Mystery Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Unraveling the Mystery Mix and Match Mendel was careful to use plants that were true breeding for each of the traits he was studying. By doing so, he would know what to expect if his plants were to self-pollinate. When a true-breeding plant self pollinates, all of its offspring will have the same traits as the parent. In cross-pollination, pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant by insects, wind and birds. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Characteristics: Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time. Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Characteristics: Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time. characteristic: is a feature that has different forms in a population. Hair color is a characteristic however the specific colors such as red, brown, black or blonde are traits. Mendel’s First Experiment Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Crossing Pea Plants In his first experiments, Mendel crossed pea plants to study seven different characteristics. He used true-breeding plants. He crossed purple flowered plants with white ones.

Mendel’s Peas

Discovery of Dominant and Recessive Traits The offspring are called first generation plants. Dominant trait: the trait that showed up, the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred Recessive Trait: The other trait that seemed to disappear, trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred.

Mendel’s First Experiments Mendel got similar results for each cross. One trait was always present in the first generation, and the other trait seemed to disappear.

Mendel’s Second Experiments He allowed the first generation plants to self-pollinate. The recessive trait for white flowers reappeared in the second generation.

Mendel’s Second Experiment Section 1 Mendel and His Peas Mendel’s Second Experiment Ratios in Mendel’s Experiment The recessive trait did not show up as often as the dominant trait. Mendel decided to figure out the ratio of dominant traits to recessive traits. A ratio is: a relationship between two different numbers that is often expressed as a fraction. Gregor Mendel—Gone But Not Forgotten Mendel realized that his results could be explained only if each plant had two sets of instructions for each characteristic. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

What are the ratios for his research? 2.99:1 What are the ratios for his research? 2.96:1 2.82:1 2.95:1 3.14:1 2.84:1

Mendel’s Experiment

Record your answers in your science journal. Section 2 Traits and Inheritance Do Now If you flip a coin, what are the chances that it will land on heads? tails? Suppose that you flipped the coin and got heads. What are the chances that you will get heads again? What are the chances you will get heads five times in a row? 10 times? 50 times? Record your answers in your science journal. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Traits and Inheritance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance Objectives Explain how genes and alleles are related to genotype and phenotype. Use the information in a Punnett square. Explain how probability can be used to predict possible genotypes in offspring. Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s observations. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

A Great Idea Traits and Inheritance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance A Great Idea Mendel knew there must be two sets of instructions for a characteristic. Genes are inherited instructions. Each parent gives one set of genes to the offspring. Alleles: the different forms of a gene. Dominant alleles are represented with a capital letter, ex. P or R. Recessive alleles are represented by a lowercase letter such as p or r. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Phenotype - An organism’s physical appearance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance A Great Idea Phenotype - An organism’s physical appearance Genotype - Both inherited alleles together, the genetic makeup, the genes Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Genotype Homozygous – the alleles for the trait are either both dominant or both recessive and represented by either two uppercase letters or two lowercase. Ex. TT or tt. Heterozygous – the alleles for the trait are both different being one dominant and one recessive and is represented by one uppercase letter and one lowercase letter. Ex. Tt

Punnett Squares Punnett square : is used to organize all the possible combinations of offspring from particular parents, a tool used to predict results in genetics. Punnett squares can be used to verify Mendel’s findings.

Mendel’s Second Experiment Section 2 Punnett Squares Mendel’s Second Experiment Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0" Mendel’s First Experiment

Probability: the mathematical chance that something will happen. Section 2 Traits and Inheritance What Are the Chances? Probability: the mathematical chance that something will happen. Calculating Probability To find the probability that you will toss two heads in a row, multiply the probability of tossing the first head (1/2) by the probability of tossing the second head (1/2). Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Section 2 Traits and Inheritance What Are the Chances? Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each offspring of a Pp Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2 x 1/2, which equals 1/4,or 25%. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Traits and Inheritance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance More About Traits Incomplete Dominance - sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over another. These traits do not blend together but each allele shows up to its own degree. This is known as incomplete dominance. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Traits and Inheritance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance More About Traits One Gene, Many Traits - Sometimes one gene influences more than one trait. The tiger below has white fur that is caused by one gene that also controls its eye color. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Traits and Inheritance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance More About Traits Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of several genes acting together. Multiple alleles – a trait that is controlled by more than two alleles such as blood type. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Traits and Inheritance Section 2 Traits and Inheritance More About Traits Polygenic inheritance occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a single trait. Ex. The shades of eye color and your fingerprints. The Importance of Environment Your environment influences how you grow provided you have a healthy diet. Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – yellow Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg, Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Chapter 5 Concept Map Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

Chapter 5 Concept Map Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold Bullets – navy Copyright – white 12 points Arial Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg Size: Height: 7.52" Width: 10.02" Scale: 70% Position on slide: Horizontal - 0" Vertical - 0"

What You Need to Know 50 questions 16 multiple choice 13 matching Terms to know Homologous chromosome Cross-pollinate Self-pollinate True-breeding Ratios Dominant and recessive Alleles Genes Phenotype Genotype Incomplete dominance Punnett square Probability Sex cells Pedigree Trait 50 questions 16 multiple choice 13 matching 4 short answer 2 punnett squares with questions on each Interpreting a pedigree