Grade 12 Biology THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Presentation transcript:

Grade 12 Biology THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Part 2 – Synapses (Passing messages from neuron to neuron)

How do you feel types of sensations? Neurons either send an action potential or do not send an action potential All-or-none response Stronger sensations have... more than one neuron send a signal more signals sent in the same amount of time neurons with high thresholds send signals Think about it... How can you tell the difference between a light touch and a slap?

How does a neuron continue the signal to the next neuron? Tiny space between neurons SYNAPSE Need to send a chemical message across this space Neurotransmitters Chemicals that send a message between neurons Cause a reaction in the next neuron (can continue or stop the action potential) Watch it happen!

1 2 3 4 5 6 Action potential arrives Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane 3 Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft Axon of sending neuron Vesicles SENDING NEURON Synaptic knob SYNAPSE SYNAPTIC CLEFT RECEIVING NEURON Ion channels Neurotransmitter molecules 4 Neuro- transmitter binds to receptor Receiving neuron 5 Ion channel opens Receptor Ions Neurotransmitter 6 Ion channel closes Neurotransmitter broken down and released

Sending a message in a synapse: Action potential arrives 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sending a message in a synapse: Action potential arrives Vesicles with neurotransmitter move to the membrane Neurotransmitter is released Into the synapse Neurotransmitters bind to Na+ channels on the next neuron Na+ channels open  action potential continues in the next neuron OR Na+ channels kept closed  no action potential can happen in the next neuron Enzymes clear away the neurotransmitter

Why STOP the action potential? Examples: Antagonist muscle pairs – one muscle must relax so the other can contract Anaesthetic – stops a neuron from sending a pain message

What effect do DRUGS have on your nervous system? Depressants Pain Relief Medication / Alcohol Blocks Na+ channels on the post-synaptic neuron No action potential is sent or nervous system works slower than usual Stimulants Caffeine / Cocaine Doesn’t let neurotransmitter be cleared away after the stimulation Keeps stimulating the neuron over and over! Neuron makes less Na+ channels... then you can’t feel “normal” without the drug ADDICTION

Complete the worksheet on Synapses! Any questions? Complete the worksheet on Synapses!