Basic Chemistry Chapter 2

Answer the following on your white board: What is necessary for all life processes to occur? CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Answer the following on your white board: What is the capacity to do work? ENERGY

Answer the following on your white board: What is anything that has mass and takes up space? MATTER

Answer the following on your white board: What type of energy is inactive or stored? POTENTIAL

Answer the following on your white board: Which type of energy is stored in chemical bonds and released when the bonds are broken? CHEMICAL ENERGY

Answer the following on your white board: Which type of energy results from the movement of charged particles? ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Answer the following on your white board: Which type of energy is associated with motion? KINETIC ENERGY

Answer the following on your white board: What are two other types of energy? Mechanical – directly involved in moving matter (i.e. muscles in legs pull on bones causing legs to move) Radiant – travels in waves (X rays, infrared radiation/heat energy,visible light (vision), radio, UV waves (sunburn, vitamin D stimulation) MECHANICAL ENERGY RADIANT ENERGY

Answer the following on your white board: Which elements make up 96% of the body’s mass? O, C, H, N

Answer the following on your white board: What is the smallest unit of an element? ATOM

Answer the following on your white board: List each of the subatomic particles. What are their charges? Proton + Neutron 0 Electron -

Proton - nucleus Neutron - nucleus Electron – surrounding nucleus Answer the following on your white board: List each of the subatomic particles. Where are they located? Proton - nucleus Neutron - nucleus Electron – surrounding nucleus

Answer the following on your white board: What do electrons tell you about an atom? CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ATOM

Answer the following on your white board: An atom has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many of each subatomic particle does it have? 8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons

Answer the following on your white board: What are radioisotopes used for? MEDICAL TESTING & IMAGING/TRACERS

Answer the following on your white board: What is I-131 used for? TESTING THYROID ACTIVITY (CANCER)

Answer the following on your white board: What is a charged atom called? ION

Answer the following on your white board: What are positive ions? CATION

Answer the following on your white board: What are ions dissolved in body fluids called? ELECTROLYTES

Answer the following on your white board: What type of chemical bond involves sharing electrons? COVALENT

Chemical Bonds Transfer or share electrons in order to fill their valence shell (stability) All atoms want 8 e- in their valence shell (except H & He) Ionic bond – transfer electrons Covalent bond – share electrons Nonpolar: shares electrons equally Polar: shares electron unequally

Answer the following on your white board: What determines the type of chemical bond that atoms will form? ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Chemical Bonding Type is due to electronegativity How much an atom in a bond pulls electrons to itself Ionic: >1.7 Polar covalent: 0.4-1.7 Covalent: <0.4

Answer the following on your white board: What type of weak bond is created between polar molecules? HYDROGEN BOND

Hydrogen Bonding Weak bonds attraction of H to partial negative charge Example: polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen