* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001 Anticipated Guilt and Parenting: An Etiological Approach to the Gender Gap in Delinquency Reeve Kennedy1, Cesar Rebellon,1 Karen T. Van Gundy1, & Ellen S. Cohn2 Department of Sociology1, Department of Psychology2, University of New Hampshire Introduction Discussion Multivariate Results Little mediating effect of parenting on the relationship between gender and anticipated guilt Does not appear to be differences in the way males and females are parented that leads to differences in anticipated guilt Significant moderation effect Males and females respond differently (in terms of guilt) to different parenting styles Females who experience more authoritative parenting styles report significantly more anticipated guilt than males who experience authoritative parenting Females who experience authoritarian parenting styles report significantly less anticipated guilt than males who experience authoritarian parenting Research consistently finds that females commit less crime than males, yet researchers have struggled to fully explain why this is the case. To explore this gender gap, researchers have found a connection between the gender gap in anticipated guilt and the gender gap in delinquency. The current study investigated the source of the gender gap in anticipated guilt by examining the influence of parenting on the relationship between gender and anticipated guilt, as an indirect way of explaining the gender gap in delinquency. Examined two hypotheses for this relationship: The mediation pathway – males and females are parented differently The moderation pathway – males and females experience parenting differently Implications Methods Suggests that female levels of anticipated guilt are more strongly related to parental support and control than males Considering the relationship between guilt and delinquency, these findings suggest gender differences in delinquency can partially be explained by differences in how males and females experience parenting – not in gender differences in parenting Suggest broader cultural differences in how males and females interpret and process support and control (authoritative vs. authoritarian parenting) New Hampshire Youth Study (Wave 3 - Fall 2007) Ongoing longitudinal self-report survey with middle and high schoolers in southern NH Tobit regression to examine the mediating effect of parenting on the relationship between gender and guilt, and the moderating effect of gender on parenting and guilt (N = 734) Key Variables Guilt 6-item scale measuring feelings of anticipated guilt related to specific delinquent behaviors Parent rules (25-item index) Consistent consequences (2-item scale) Parenting style 3-scaled measures (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive) Delinquency (9-item index) Self-control Grasmick (1993) self-control scale Parenting as a mediator of gender and anticipated guilt, and gender as a moderator of parenting and anticipated guilt: Tobit regression Guilt Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 8 Model 9 Male Model 10 Female   White .14 .10 .12 .15 .06 -.01 SES .13* .09~ .05 .04 Age -.41*** -.27*** -.39*** -.40*** -.35*** -.26*** -.28*** -.23*** .56*** .54*** .50*** .51*** .49*** Parent Rules Z .57*** .42*** .44*** .41*** Permissive Z -.15* .003 -.10 Authoritative Z .33*** .23** .29** Authoritarian Z -.09 -.16* -.05 -.19* Consistent Consequences Z .31*** 27** -.33** Constant 9.40*** 7.73*** 9.25*** 9.45*** 9.35*** 8.83*** 7.74*** 7.94*** 7.91*** LL -1267.40 -1233.96 -1264.75 -1254.87 -1266.46 -1240.89 -1213.78 -521.20 -.690.36 LRchi2 114.19*** 181.07*** 119.50*** 139.25*** 116.07*** 167.21*** 221.44*** 92.95*** 122.30*** N 734 305 429 References Cole, Lindsey M., Ellen S. Cohn, Cesar J. Rebellon, and Karen T. Van Gundy. 2014. "Feeling guilty to remain innocent: The moderating effect of sex on guilt responses to rule-violating behavior in adolescent legal socialization." Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(8): 722-740. Gault-Sherman, Martha. 2013. "The gender gap in delinquency: Does SES matter?" Deviant Behavior, 34: 255-273. Gottfredson Michael R. and Hirschi, Travis. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Grasmick, Harold, G., Charles R. Tittle, Robert J. Bursik Jr., and Bruce J. Arneklev. 1993. “Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 3(1):5-29. Hirtenlehner, Helmut, and Brenda Sims Blackwell. 2015. "Can differences in attachment to parents and level of self-control explain the gender gap in juvenile delinquency? Testing a gendered attachment-self- control theory.” Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law, and Law Enforcement, 8(3): 405-424. Koon-Magnin, Sarah, David Bowers, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, and Catalina Arata. 2016. "Social learning, self-control, gender, and variety of violent delinquency." Deviant Behavior, 37(7): 824-836. Rebellon, Cesar J., Michelle E. Manasse, Robert Agnew, Karen T. Van Gundy, and Ellen S. Cohn. 2016. "The relationship between gender and delinqunecy: Assessing the mediating role of anticipated guilt." Journal of Criminal Justice, 44:77-88. Weerman, Frank, M., Wim Bernasco, Gerben J.N. Bruinsma, and Lieven J.R. Pauwels. 2015. "Gender differences in delinquency and situation action theory: A partial test." Justice Quarterly, 33(7): 1182- 1209. Worthen, Meredith G.F. 2011. "Gender differences in parent-child bonding: Implications for understanding the gender gap in delinquency." Journal of Crime and Justice, 34(1): 3-23. Contacts For more information contact: Reeve Kennedy (rsp9@wildcats.unh.edu) * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001

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