Challenges and Opportunities in Waste Management in a Blue Economy Presenters ENG. STEPHEN NGULI and ENG. Julius Ndirangu ORGANIZATION Standards Department KENYA POWER Engineering Conference 2018

Engineering Conference 2018 Overview Introduction Challenges of solid waste in blue economy Opportunities in integrated Waste Management Conclusion Engineering Conference 2018

Engineering Conference 2018 Introduction Definition Ocean economy - Economic activities that take place in the ocean i.e. provide inputs to the ocean & receive outputs from the ocean. Blue economy - Economic activity is in balance with the long-term capacity of ocean ecosystems to support the activity and remain resilient and healthy. Engineering Conference 2018

Engineering Conference 2018 Introduction cont… Renewable energy sources from the ocean Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), Wave energy, Tidal energy Offshore wind energy(OWFs). Municipal Solid Waste generated by persons providing resources to the ocean and utilizing products from the ocean Engineering Conference 2018

Challenges of Municipal Solid Waste Waste contamination threatens the blue economy environment, while valuable and recoverable resources are lost. Disposal is by open dumping & Open air incineration Dumpsites are filling up and leaks to environment due to increasing population Data on Types and Quantities of municipal solid waste generated. Lack of legal ,regulatory institutional framework for exploitation Lack of incentives for exploitation

Challenges of MSC (cont.)

Opportunities in MSW In modern societies, energy forms the cornerstone of every economic, social and cultural sector. Waste management is the cycle of generation of wastes to disposal it in a sustainable manner(Rio + 20, Brazil, 2012). waste generation is an environmental impact (I), a function of Population (P), Affluence (A) and Technology (T) i.e. I = P x A x T

Opportunities in MSW(cont.) Concept and Technology: Ultra high Temperature (UHTG) Tc >1250

Opportunities in MSW(cont.) Gasification (Pyromex)causes thermal cracking of carbonaceous waste material (T>1200°C) and converts it into synthetic gas(low molecular combustible gas ) in oxygen free environment. The synthesis gas (syngas) is convertible into electricity and other valuable products

Opportunities in MSW(cont.) Products from Syngas.

Energy Generation(case study at Embu Town) The efficiency of the energy recovery and profitability depends:- Tipping fee Average calorific value of the MSW Feed -in- tariff prices per Kilowatt hour A case study at Embu town in 2015 to 2016 Description A B C D TOTAL % weight Organic material 7.11 10.5 7.47 4.1 29.18 23.37017 paper and cardboard 1.96 4.11 3.32 9.3 18.69 14.96877 plastics and rubber 8.28 7.45 8.1 6.95 30.78 24.65161 textile 3.1 1.85 1.2 1.1 7.25 5.806503 % combustible   68.79705 glass 6.2 8.4 6.15 24.85 19.90229 metal cans 0.33 0.3 1.33 3.16 2.530835 inert 1.58 0.92 0.7 1.6 4.8 3.844306 Miscellaneous 1.3 1.9 2.15 0.8 4.925517 % non-combustible 31.20295 total 29.86 35.43 30.42 29.15 124.86 100

Energy Generation(case study at Embu Town) cont… The Mean Calorific Value of the MSW for Embu Township is tested to be 14110kJ/kg. The minimum is 7000kJ/kg (T Ramd et al, 2000). Investment With the above calorific value a 50metric /day UHTG WTE plant will generate 3726Kwhr/metric ton/day which will be sold commercially to the grid. Capital investment (machines, land) = Kes.1450M O&M (labor, MSW, Maintenance) = Kes. 52.0 M/p.a Income (electricity, tipping fee, recyclables) =Kes130M/p.a The Cost-Benefit Analysis of the UHTG WTE Plant, for the Embu town MSW show the project is viable, based on a discount rate of 8%. The payback period is 10years (design life of 20 years).

Business Models for MSW in Blue Economy Design, Build, Operate Model (DBO) Primarily concessions- private sector designs, constructs, finances capital expenditure, operates and maintains the assets. At the end of concession period returns it to the Concession Granting Authority (CGA). BOT Third Party PPP(Annuity):Third party operator is hired by the CGA to provide services to the end users and is paid an annuity by the CGA to cover capital and O&M costs. BOT Third Party PPP (User Charge) (DBFOT):A third party operator is hired by the CGA to provide services to the end users and collects user charges in return from end-users itself to recover its capital investments, cover O&M costs and meet its return expectations. Parastatal /County Government/ Municipality meets the capital costs for the project EPC is awarded to the selected operator for construction of the assets linked to milestones and a separate fee is paid for operations and maintenance of the asset. The construction, technology and operating risks are borne by the private sector operator while the financing risk is borne by the government counterpart.

Engineering Conference 2018 Conclusion Challenges of MSW and possible mitigation measures suggested. Opportunities that stand to accrue from UHTG/WTE in a blue Economy Design and construction considerations for UHTG/WTE plants Engineering Conference 2018

Engineering Conference 2018 Recommendations A pilot project to evaluate the viability of UHTG/WTE in Kenya through PPA to :- (i) Develop a test bed to gather operating experience. (ii) Demonstrate technical reliability (iii)Verify commercial feasibility Research on the efficiency of different waste streams to evaluated the potentials of the solid waste in social strata of coastal towns. Legal framework, and incentives for exploitation to be put in place by the ministry of energy Engineering Conference 2018

Engineering Conference 2018 End Q & A THANK YOU Engineering Conference 2018