** Major minerals:

@ calcium : 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed -absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum -** factors increasing ca absorption : 1- vit D hormone : - consider as control agent of ca absorption - vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation

2- body need : -growth -state of hypocalcaemia -pregnancy -lactation More ca is absorbed

3-diatery protein & CHO : - greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein -lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower intestinal pH 4- acidity : - acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption

** factors decreasing ca absorption : vit D deficiency dietary fat : excess fat decrease ca absorption fiber & other binding agent alkalinity : decrease ca absorption in alkaline media N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb ca is reduced

** ca output : 70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca may be excreted in the urine - daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day ** ca in the bone : 99% of ca storage in bone & teeth ** ca in the blood : 1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid

**control agent of ca balance : parathyroid hormone : -release PTH to maintain normal level of ca -stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption -stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous 2- vit D hormone . 3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland ,it prevent abnormal rise in serum ca

** functions of ca : bone formation tooth formation general metabolic function blood clotting nerve stimulation muscle contraction & relaxation cell membrane permeability enzyme activation

** clinical problems : tetany : decrease ca rickets osteomalachia osteoporosis hypercalcemia ,renal stone food source of ca : milk ,cheese egg ,green vegetables , nut ,grains

** phosphorous : 1% of total body weight closely associated with ca ,called metabolic twin absorbed in the jejunum ph found in bone ,blood ,& cells ph under control of PTH& vit D

** physiological function of ph : bone & tooth formation general metabolic activity absorption of glucose & glycerol transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids energy metabolism ( ATP) buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the blood

** hypophosphatemia : celiac disease rickets osteomalachia hyperparathyroidism symptom include muscle weakness

** hyperphosphatemia : Renal disease Hypoparathyrodism food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat

*sodium : -absorbed through small intestine -excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone hormone ** physiological function of Na : water balance . acid base balance cell permeability muscle action food source : salt used in cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg, carrot

** potassium : -mainly found inside the cell -has significant effect on muscle activity especially heart muscle -absorbed in small intestine -excreted through kidney

** physiological function of K : water ,acid base balance muscle activity CHO metabolism Protein synthesis Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green vegetables

**manganese : Mg present in all body cell -has role in energy production & build tissue -it also aid in normal muscle action - found in fruit ,nut ,grain ** chloride : out side of the cell help in control water acid –base balance highest concentration in the spinal fluid found in HCL hydro choleric acid

Trace element ** Iron : 45 mg \ Kg body weight . Enter information of hemoglobin . Storage mainly in the liver ,spleen ,& bone marrow . Excess iron storage called hemosidrosis . Absorbed in acidic media of the stomach .

factors increased absorption of iron : 1- body need : during growth period [ pregnancy ,lactation ,childhood ] 2-acidic media : vit c aid in absorption of iron 3- calcium *factors decrease iron absorption : 1- substance as phosphate ,tea ,coffee 2- reduce gastric acid secretion 3- infection 4 –GIT disease as malabsorption

physiological function of iron : oxygen transport cellular oxidation to produce energy . growth need ** iron deficiency anemia may be : nutritional anemia ,inadequate supply of iron

hemorrhagic anemia ,excessive iron blood loss. Post gastrectomy anemia Malabsorption anemia Chronic disease anemia [ arthritis ] *source of iron in food : liver ,egg ,vegetables ,cereals ,flour ,bread

** Iodine -participate in synthesis of thyroxin hormone - 20% on iodine in thyroid gland -absorbed in small intestine in form of iodide ,go to blood stream ,join with protein to thyroid gland & other tissue

* physiological function of iodine : 1- thyroid hormone synthesis 2- plasma thyroxin : carry iodine in plasma protein to body cell [ muscle ,skin ,skeletal tissue ] - hypothyroidism : decrease thyroxin hormone , creationism in children ,myexdema in adult . - goiter is an enlargement of thyroid gland with decrease function . \\ food source of iodine is sea food

** Zink : -stored in pancreas , liver ,kidney ,lung ,muscle ,bone , prostate . * deficiency of Zink lead to : 1- hypogonadism : decrease function of gonads 2-taste & smell defect 3-decrease wound healing 4-chronic illness in aging [ reduce immune function ] 5- malabsorption disease . - food source : sea food ,meat ,egg .

** Copper : iron twin act on energy production deficiency occur with total parentral nutrition found in liver ,seafood ,nuts ,seeds

** Manganese : stored in liver ,bone ,pancreas ,pituitary important in metabolic reaction . deficiency of manganese in D.M source : plant food ,cereal ,grains ,nuts ,tea ,coffee , vegetables

** Fluoride : found in bone & teeth . deficiency of this substance lead to dental caries . fish & fish product & tea contain the highest concentration of fluoride . fluoridation of public water is very important