Lecture 20 Z Transforms: Introduction

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Lecture 20 Z Transforms: Introduction DSP First, 2/e Lecture 20 Z Transforms: Introduction Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer READING ASSIGNMENTS This Lecture: Chapter 9, Sects 9-1 through 9-5 Other Reading: Recitation: CASCADING SYSTEMS Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer LECTURE OBJECTIVES INTRODUCE the Z-TRANSFORM Give Mathematical Definition Show how the H(z) POLYNOMIAL simplifies analysis CONVOLUTION is SIMPLIFIED ! Z-Transform can be applied to FIR Filter: h[n] --> H(z) Signals: x[n] --> X(z) Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

MOTIVATION: CASCADE SYSTEMS Remember: h1[n] * h2[n] Would rather do MULTIPLICATION Can rearrange the order of S1 and S2 Convolution is Commutative S1 S2 Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer CASCADE EQUIVALENT MULTIPLY the Frequency Responses x[n] y[n] x[n] y[n] EQUIVALENT SYSTEM Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer A TALE OF TWO DOMAINS Time domain: Can use with ANY signal Difficult to work with (e.g., cascade=convolve) Frequency domain: Easy to work with (e.g., cascade=multiply) Can only use with sinusoids TIME-DOMAIN FREQ-DOMAIN Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer TWO (no, THREE) DOMAINS Z-TRANSFORM-DOMAIN POLYNOMIALS: H(z) Algebra Domain: Best of both worlds? FREQ-DOMAIN TIME-DOMAIN Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer TRANSFORM CONCEPT Move to a new domain where OPERATIONS are EASIER & FAMILIAR Use POLYNOMIALS TRANSFORM both ways x[n] ---> X(z) (into the z domain) X(z) ---> x[n] (back to the time domain) Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

Z-Transform DEFINITION POLYNOMIAL Representation of LTI SYSTEM: EXAMPLE: APPLIES to any SIGNAL POLYNOMIAL in z-1 Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer Z-Transform EXAMPLE ANY SIGNAL has a z-Transform: Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer Example 9.2 EXPONENT GIVES TIME LOCATION Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

Z-TRANSFORM OF DELAYED SIGNAL What happens to X(z) if we delay x[n]? Consider the signal: Same signal, delayed by one: Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

Z-Transform Property: DELAY PROPERTY Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer Ex. DELAY SYSTEM UNIT DELAY: find h[n] and H(z) x[n] y[n] = x[n-1] x[n] y[n] Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer DELAY EXAMPLE UNIT DELAY: find y[n] via polynomials x[n] = {3,1,4,1,5,9,0,0,0,...} Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

Z-Transform of FIR Filter CALLED the SYSTEM FUNCTION because h[n] is same as {bk} SYSTEM FUNCTION FIR DIFFERENCE EQUATION CONVOLUTION Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

Z-Transform of FIR Filter Get H(z) DIRECTLY from the {bk} Example 7.3 in the book: Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer GENERAL I/O PROBLEM Input is x[n], find y[n] (for FIR, h[n]) How to combine X(z) and H(z) ? Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

FIR Filter = CONVOLUTION Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer CONVOLUTION PROPERTY PROOF: MULTIPLY z-TRANSFORMS Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer CONVOLUTION EXAMPLE MULTIPLY the z-TRANSFORMS: MULTIPLY H(z)X(z) Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer CONVOLUTION EXAMPLE Finite-Length input x[n] FIR Filter (L=4) MULTIPLY Z-TRANSFORMS y[n] = ? Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

Z-Transform Property: CASCADE EQUIVALENT Multiply the System Functions y[n] x[n] EQUIVALENT SYSTEM x[n] y[n] Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer CASCADE EXAMPLE x[n] y[n] w[n] y[n] x[n] Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer