INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1

What Is Human Geography? The study of How people make places How we organize space and society How we interact with each other in places and across space How we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world

Globalization A set of processes that are Increasing interactions Deepening relationships Heightening interdependence without regard to country borders A set of outcomes that are Unevenly distributed Varying across scales Differently manifested throughout the world Impact of individual, regional, national scales on processes and outcomes of globalization

What Are Geographic Questions? The spatial arrangement of places and phenomena (human and physical) How are things organized on Earth? How do they appear on the landscape? Where? Why? So what? No place “untouched by human hands” or activity Human organization of communities, nations, networks Establishment of political, economic, religious, cultural systems

Spatial Distribution Spatial distribution and pattern Processes that create and sustain a distribution Map of Cholera Victims in London’s Soho District in 1854 Patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations key to the source of the disease

Five Themes of Geography Location Human-environment interaction Region Place Movement

Place Sense of place: Infusing a place with meaning and emotion Perception of place: Belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures

Perception of Place Where Pennsylvanian students prefer to live Where Californian students prefer to live

Movement Spatial interaction: The interconnectedness between places, depending upon Distance Accessibility Connectivity Elizabeth J. Leppman

The visible human imprint, the material character of a place Cultural Landscape The visible human imprint, the material character of a place Religion and cremation practices spread with Hindu migrants from India to Kenya

Sequent Occupance Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape reflecting years of differing human activity Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: African, Arab, German, British, Indian “layers.” Apartments replaced earlier single- family houses Apartments in Mumbai, India

Why Do Geographers Use Maps, and What Do Maps Tell Us? Types of maps Reference maps Locations of places and geographic features Absolute locations Thematic maps Degree of an attribute Pattern of distribution Movement Relative locations

Reference Map

Thematic Map

Location Absolute location Relative location Precise location using a coordinate system Latitude and longitude most common Measured by geographic positioning systems (GPS) Relative location Location in relation to something else Changes over time with changing circumstances

Mental Maps Maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of Activity Spaces The places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity

Remote Sensing and GIS Satellite image Photograph Hurricane Katrina, 2005: Area of impact and destruction

Geographic Information System (GIS) Computer hardware and software that permit storage and analysis of layers of spatial data

Why Are Geographers Concerned with Scale and Connectedness? Scale: Territorial extent of something Varying scales of observations Local Regional National Global

Scale

The Power of Scale Influence of processes operating at different scales Context of a phenomenon in what is happening at different scales Political use of scale to change who is involved or how an issue is perceived

Regions Formal region: Defined by a common characteristic, whether physical or cultural, present throughout e.g., German-speaking region of Europe Functional region: Defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or interactions e.g., an urban area, city and suburbs

Regions Perceptual Region: Ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness”

Culture The whole tangible lifestyle of peoples, but also their prevailing values and beliefs Cultural trait: A single attribute of a culture Cultural complex: A combination of traits Cultural hearth: Area where a culture began and from which it spreads Independent invention: A culture trait that began in several places

Diffusion The process of the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other areas Factors that slow or prevent diffusion Time-distance decay Cultural barriers

Types of Diffusion Expansion diffusion: Idea or innovation spreading outward from the hearth Contagious: Spreads to next available person Hierarchical: Spreads to most linked people or places first Stimulus: Promotes local experiment or change

Types of Diffusion Paris, France Relocation diffusion: Movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant locale Kenya : H .J. de Blij : A. B. Murphy

What Are Geographic Concepts, and How Are They Used in Answering Geographic Questions? Ways of seeing the world spatially that geographers use in answering research questions Old approaches to human-environment questions Environmental determinism (has been rejected by almost all geographers) Possibilism (less accepted today) New approaches to human-environment questions Cultural ecology Political ecology