U3C8 Life in the Industrial Age: 1800-1900 World History

Main Idea During the 1700s and 1800s, the Industrial Revolution changed practically everything about the world of work. Many of the changes were technological advances. As the rate of advances increased, many other aspects of daily life besides work were also transformed.

Essential Question What are the far-reaching effects of the Industrial Revolution?

8.1 Advances in Technology: Electric Power- Thomas Edison’s Lightbulb 1831-English chemist Michael Faraday discovered connection between magnetism and electricity leading to the first generator 1879-Edison developed first usable lightbulb was the result of many hours of trial and error in his Menlo Park, New Jersey laboratory made generators, light sockets, motors and other electrical devices built first central electric power plant in New York City

Electric Power: Effects Transformed industry in both U.S. and Europe in 3 important ways: Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines to power machines No longer had to depend on waterways to power the steam engines Production increased with less reliance on sunlight Question column- How did electric power affect industry and daily life? In the home, electricity was cheaper and more convenient than candles, gaslights or oil lamps

Trains efficient steam engines led to trains and steamships, while the internal combustion engine led to cars and airplanes early 1800s, boats on canals and rivers carried heavy loads 1830: world’s first rail line connects Manchester and Liverpool 1840: U.S. had 3,000 miles of RR track in the east Late 1850s: Bessemer Process improved steel making 1860: 30,000 miles of track linked major American cities, lowering the cost of goods Question column-What advances in transportation occurred during the industrial age?

Steamships 1849: regular U.S. service began, west coast to east 1870: mechanical improvements changed ocean travel making it economically viable

The Automobile 1885: Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developed a 3 wheeled vehicle 1908: Henry Ford began working on affordable cars using mass production to produce the Model T a year later, a carburetor 1920: the Model T made up 40-50% of U.S. car production

The Airplane December 17, 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright flew 120 ft. at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina the first powered flight in human history

Communication The Telegraph: invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 with the aid of electricity; invented language known as Morse Code The Telephone: invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 The Radio and Phonograph: Radio invented by Italian Physicist Guglielmo Marconi in 1895; phonograph by Edison Question column- What were the advances in communication, and how were they achieved? first phone call- “Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you.”

8.2 Scientific and Medical Achievements: New Ideas in Science- Charles Darwin Developed “Theory of Evolution”: species will evolve with their environment Differed from creation story in the Bible Geologist Charles Darwin studied variations among plants and animals, published theories in On the Origin of Species QC What were some of the new ideas in science?

Geologist Charles Darwin studied variations among plants and animals, published theories in On the Origin of Species

Dmitri Mendeleyev 1871: Russian chemist arranged the periodic table even leaving gaps knowing that some elements were yet to be discovered

Marie and Pierre Curie 1898: French chemists discovered polonium and radium and concluded that certain elements release energy when they break down (radioactivity) First woman to teach at the Sorbonne in Paris Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911 Died from leukemia caused by exposure to radiation

Albert Einstein 1905: German-Jewish scientist that revolutionized physics Overturned theories of Sir Isaac Newton

Einstein continued Developed “special theory of relativity”: no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light E=mc2: a small amount of mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy

Medical Breakthroughs 1870: Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease, disproving spontaneous generation Discovered that bacteria cause fermentation Pasteurization: the process of heating to high temperatures to destroy bacteria that cause disease Developed vaccine for anthrax and rabies in 1885

Louis Pasteur

Improving Medical Care 1842: American surgeon Crawford W. Long- used an anesthetic-first painless operation involving ether 1860s: English surgeon Joseph Lister cleans wounds with an antiseptic containing carbolic acid reducing deaths Improvements in modern hospitals, more nurse schooling 1900: 5% of American physicians were women 1800: 240 infant deaths per 1000 1898: 91 per 1000 QC what medical breakthroughs affected the quality of life?

New Ideas in Social Sciences Late 1800s: psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology born 1890s: psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior emerged

Ivan Pavlov Studied animals to better understand humans. Concluded that human behavior is similar. Rang a bell each time he fed dogs, realized dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell Called it “the conditioned reflex”

Sigmund Freud Austrian-Jewish physician Therapy called “psychoanalysis” Argued the unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware

Other Social Sciences Archeology: study of the past based on artifacts Anthropology: study of humanity and human ancestors Sociology: study of people in groups in their own societies QC What new ideas developed within the social sciences?

8.3 Daily Life in the 1800s: Cities Grow and Change Urbanization occurred throughout the 1800s in Europe and the U.S.; more people lived in towns and cities The Industrial City: people drawn by jobs- Lowell, Mass.-textiles, Chicago-meatpacking, Pittsburgh-steelmaking—the negative aspect was smog, the combination of coal smoke and fog, which killed 268 people in London in 1873

Migration to Cities Immigrate: to move to another country to live Between 1870 and 1900, about 12 million people immigrated to the U.S. From Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia and China 1890-42% of New Yorkers were foreign born Boston, Chicago, San Francisco

The Livable City Improved plumbing-better drinking water Electricity-stoves, vacuums 1833- first skyscraper in Chicago- 10 stories tall 1863- first subway in London “Suburbs” were created as cities moved outward, they were cleaner, with public transportation

Leisure Activities Causes Effects Higher incomes, more free time Public transportation to recreational areas Public funding of cultural activities Time for sports: soccer, rugby, football, baseball More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art

Changes in the Arts: Romanticism Romanticism: literary and artistic development of the early 1800s with an emphasis on intuition and feeling Love of nature, deep emotions, value of the individual, affection for the past, and the importance of the imagination Poet William Wordsworth, German composer Ludwig van Beethoven

Realism Movement that was a reaction to romanticism Depicted everyday life, no matter how unpleasant Charles Dickens: struggles of London’s poor Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace Henrik Ibsen: play revealed unfair treatment of women in A Doll’s House

Impressionism 1860s French painters: Monet, Renior Wanted to capture the impression of a scene using light, vivid color, and motion rather than realist details Named for Monet’s painting Impression, Sunrise