The Industrial Revolution Most people lived in small farming villages– made own clothes & food and lived by candle light – people traveled only as far as their feet or horse could take them ****UNLIKE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS – NOT SUDDEN OR SWIFT – slow process of goods made by hand tools to machines *** new sources of power replaced human & animal power

Origins 1800’s England Began on farms after hundreds of years of no change Inventions made life easier and increased productivity More food=better diet= increased population Because of inventions less farmers were needed so people moved to cities Used fertilizer to renew the soil, combined small farms for better use of land (DUTCH) BRITISH– mixed soil for better results , crop rotation – Jethro Tull : invented the seed drill (plants seed in straight row not scattered) *** British POP 1700= 5 million by 1800 = 9 million Farmers began to share ideas for better crops – encouraged by king george Europe POP 120 million to 190 million ------ due to declining death rates--- better diet, sanitation, hygene, overall health

Contributing Factors New Technology Factory System New sources of energy & materials allowed people to change how work was done Factory System Concentrates production in one place (materials, labor) Located near sources of power Only 10% of English industry in 1850 Sources of energy: HUMAN to COAL, Water,

The Factory System Rigid schedule 12-16 hour day Dangerous conditions Exhausted workers suffered accidents working unsafe machines – could lose finger, limb or even life ** other dangers- coal dust destroyed lungs TEXTILE workers breathed air filled with lint --- if you were sick or injured you lost your job WOMEN: preferred to men bc they were cheaper, easier to manage – what were problems for women? Taken out of home CHILDREN many times orphans were employed , very few were provided with edu, children were beat Rigid schedule 12-16 hour day Dangerous conditions Monotonous

Textile Factory Workers in England

Factory Workers at Home

Movement of Goods Steam Engine Created by Thomas Newcomen

Movement of goods Bessemer Process:_________________________ People now need a way to move goods

Movement of Goods Creation of canals Road surfaces made of crushed stone

Movement of Goods George Stephenson First steam powered locomotive R&R did not have to follow the course of the river – tracks could go where river could not 1st major rail line was from London to Manchester (1830) 1870- R&R cross GB,America & Europe “The Rocket”

Later Locomotives

Movement of Goods Robert Fulton First steam powered ship engine “The Clermont”

American Inventors Thomas Edison: Phonograph & light bulb The Wright Brothers:Flew the first airplane (1903)

American Inventors Henry Ford: created a low cost car using the Assembly Line Beginning of mass production

Spread of the Revolution 1850 Europe Northeast France Germany Northern Italy 1860s United States After ______________________

Effects of Industrialization Population explosion: tripled because of _________________ Caused many problems in cities 1. Over population 2. Poor living conditions 3. No sanitation Staffordshire, England

Protests People began to resist the machines that took their jobs Smashed & burned machines Called Luddites Ned Ludd: destroyed machines in 1780s Governments answered back Forbid workers to organize or strike Weavers and other skilled artisans

Protests Labor Unions People would eventually win the right to organize Unions would bargain for: Better wages Working hours Better working conditions Eventually workers gained their rights- working men were allowed to vote ** wages rose enough for workers to pay rent & have extra cash (buy newspaper, visit concert hall) * Cost of R&R fell enough for people to travel

Effects of Protest Factory Acts: Worker housing in Manchester No children under ____9_________ & children could only __work 12 hours a day______ No women & children under 10 could work in mines Worker housing in Manchester

Industrialization 1850

Homework 1. What caused people to leave agricultural life? 2. Describe daily life of a factory worker. Was this life an improvement over an agricultural lifestyle? 3. Define: Labor Union 4. What groups were aided by the factory acts? And how? 5. What benefits does the middle class gain as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

Industrialization & Economics Laissez-Faire economics Government should not interfere with the free operation of the economy Free-market would produce more goods at a lower cost

Financial Growth New technology required investment of large amounts of money Stocks or shares of a company were sold to acquire money Each stockholder owned a small part of the company

Financial Growth As business grew corporations are formed Corporation: a business owned by a number of investors Formed monopolies: huge corporations that controlled an entire industry IE: Standard Oil Company, John Rockefeller 1870: largest oil refinery in the world --- purchased competing firms to diminish competition – control every aspect of oil– wells, refineries, and oil pipelines *** to make the most profit they had to destroy the competition ***free to raise prices to any level

Socialism Condemned capitalism – believed it created a gap between the rich & poor Socialism: Wanted to create a society for the benefit of all not just the wealthy People as a whole would benefit rather than private individuals *early socialists tried to build self sufficient communities all work was shared & all property was owned in common ** no difference between rich & poor—fighting disappears

Marxism 1848: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto Communism: A form of socialism that sees class struggle as unavoidable History was a struggle between the “haves” and “have nots” or proletariat 1840s – German philospher **the proletariat would be victorious and then would control the means of production & set up a classless society – it would mark the end of society --- wealth & power would be shared ** despised capitalism