Arthrosyndesmology

is science of anatomy and function of joints Arthrosyndesmology is science of anatomy and function of joints

Joints Solid non-synovial synarthroses Synovial cavitated diarthroses

Transitional form of bone articulations – hemiarthrosis (symphysis) It’s a cartilaginous joint having a cavity inside; gives a little mobility to pubic bones during parturition

Solid joints immobile (for stability) Synovial joints mobile (for mobility)

(on the example of shoulder joint) Synovial joints (on the example of shoulder joint)

Obligatory pats of synovial joints Articulating surface Articular (joint) capsule Articular cavity

(on the example of shoulder joint) Synovial joints (on the example of shoulder joint)

covered by hyaline cartilage and participating in bone articulation Articular surfaces are the parts of bones covered by hyaline cartilage and participating in bone articulation Congruent

Articular capsule

Synarthroses Fibrous joints (syndesmoses) 2.Cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) 3.Osseus joints (synostoses)

Syndesmoses Ligaments Membranes Sutures Fontanelles Gomphoses

Ligaments

Ligaments Do not regard to synovial joints Surround synovial joints (extra-articular ligaments) 3. Located inside synovial joints (intra-articular ligaments)

Ligaments Connect the bones holding them near each other Form the openings that transmit vessels and nerves

filling wide spaces between them Membranes Connect bones filling wide spaces between them

1. Interosseous membranes

Membranes 2. Obturator membrane

3. Atlantooccipital membranes Tectorial membrane Posterior atlantooccipital membrane Anterior atlantooccipital membrane

Connect the skull bones Sutures Connect the skull bones Plan sutures Serrate sutures Squamous suture

Fontanelles Connect the skull bones in newborns and children during first year of life

Connect teeth to surrounding osseous tissue in jaw alveoli Gomphosys Connect teeth to surrounding osseous tissue in jaw alveoli Dental root Periodontium Jaw bone

Synchondroses Temporary Permanent

Synchondroses Temporary

Synchondroses 2. Permanent

Synchondroses Hyaline Fibrous

Synchondroses Hyaline

Synchondroses 2. Fibrous

Synostoses

Synovial joints (diarthroses) Classification based on the number of articulating surfaces Simple joints 3. Complex joints Compound 4. Combined joints joints

Simple joints

Compound joints

Complex joints

Combined joints

Synovial joints (diarthroses) Classification based on the shape of articulating surfaces and number of axes of movements Uni-axial joints Bi-axial joints Multi-axial joints

Types of movements Flexion-extension (around frontal axis) 2.Abduction-adduction (around sagittal axis) 3.Rotation (pronation-supination) (around vertical axis) 4. Circumduction

Uni-axial joints Trochoid (pivot) joints Hinge joints

Uni-axial joints Trochoid (pivot) joints

Uni-axial joints Hinge joints

Bi-axial joints Ellipsoidal joints Saddle joints Condyloid joints

Bi-axial joints Ellipsoidal joints

Bi-axial joints Condyloid joints

Bi-axial joints Saddle joints

Multi-axial joints Ball-and-socket joints 2. Plane joints

Ball-and-socket joints Multi-axial joints Ball-and-socket joints

Multi-axial joints Plane joints

Accessory structures in the synovial joints 1. Intra-articular ligaments 2. Intra-articular cartilages 3. Articular labrum 4. Synovial folds 5. Sesamoid bones 6. Synovial bursae

Intra-articular ligaments

Intra-articular cartilages Menisci

Intra-articular cartilages Discs

Articular labrum

Synovial folds

Sesamoid bones

Synovial bursae

Factors effecting the range of movements at synovial joints Difference in square of articulating surfaces 2. Combination of joints 3. Thickness of articular capsule 4. Extra-articular ligaments 5. Muscles surrounding joint 6. Presence of accessory structures

Plan of description of synovial joints 1.The names of articulating surfaces 2.The characteristic of the joint according to the Classifications of Synovial Joints: -based on the numbers of the articular surfaces (simple, compound, complex, combined): -based on the number of the axes of movements (uni-axial, bi-axial or multi-axial) and shape of articulating surfaces: 3.Accessory joint structures 4.The movements at the joint 5.The ligaments reinforcing the joint