Biological Diversity Unit Unit Test Review

Variation (why is it important?) Variation within species Variation among species

Niche Below are the pictures of a panda and a mouse. Can you explain which one is a generalist and which one is a specialist? Which one lives in a narrow niche? Which one lives in a broad niche?

Sample Niche Question Which of the following sentences describes the niche of a polar bear A) A boar (adult male) weighs around 772–1,543 lbs. B) The polar bear is considered a vulnerable species due to their reduced numbers as a result of climate change. C) Adult polar bears live solitary lives. Yet, they have often been seen playing together for hours at a time.  D) The most carnivorous of the bear species, polar bears feed primarily on the fat of ice-dependent seals. The remains of these seals provide food for many other Arctic wildlife species.

Resource partitioning Are these different species of finches competing for food? Is their niche the same?

Symbiosis Mutualism: relation good for both organisms Commensalism: relation good for one organism but that does not affect the other organism involved Parasitism: relation good for one organism but bad for the other one.

Natural Selection vs Artifical Selection Artificial Selection

QUESTION: Identify the variation within species that is the most resistant to a particular disease using the following chart.   a) A b) B c) C d) D

Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Budding SPORE PRODUCTION VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

Review Sexual Reproduction

Advantages and Disadvantages Asexual Sexual

Discrete Versus Continuous Variation Height

Mitosis

DNA DNA Base Pairings Adenine – Thymine Guanine - Cytosine

Review Practice Quiz Patterns of Inheritance

Punnett Squares

Punnett Squares Key Words Homozygous / Purebred Heterozygous / Hybrid Dominant Recessive Trait

Extinction and Extirpation Extinction Extirpation Javan Rhino now extinct in 2011 from Vietnam, only a small population of 50 animals left in Indonesia Thylacine: the Tasmanian Tiger, extinct since 1936 from Australia

Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation **Results in a loss of biological diversity** Natural Selection Catastrophic Forest Fires Lack of Food

Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation **Results in a loss of biological diversity** Overspecialization **Occurs when an organism has a very narrow niche, where the environmental conditions never change** Giant Panda

Human Causes of Extinctions and Extirpations **Results in a loss of biological diversity** Habitat Destruction Logging Pollution Construction

Introduction of Non-Native Species Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation **Results in a loss of biological diversity** Introduction of Non-Native Species No Natural Predators Example: Purple loostrife

Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation **Results in a loss of biological diversity** Over-Hunting Species are hunted to deliberately extirpate them. The black-tailed prairie dogs were considered a pest in the 1930's and were hunted to reduce their numbers.

Selecting Desirable Traits Artificial Selection is the process of selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring with the desired traits.

Cloning Example: Dolly the sheep (first mammal clone!)

Artificial insemination Occurs when gametes are brought together artificially (NOT naturally). Artificial insemination (AI) is a process by which sperm are collected from the male, processed, stored and artificially introduced into the female reproductive tract for the purpose of conception. AI has become one of the most important techniques ever devised for the genetic improvement of farm animals. It has been most widely used for breeding dairy cattle and has made bulls of high genetic merit available to all. (from engormix.com)

In vitro fertilization Occurs when gametes are joined together in a petri-dish (vitro means outside of the body)

Genetic engineering Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions. Example: Tomatoes!

Helping Preserve Biological Diversity