Unit 1 The World

Absolute location Relative location ex: Equator – Prime meridian- Hemisphere – Relative location ex:

Places and Regions Place – Region – Identify the three types of regions.

Physical system – ecosystem Human system – movement Environment and Society – Human environment and interaction What can geography provide?

Geographers craft Explain how Physical and human geography differ? List the four specialized research methods used by geographers. Why do Geographers study the history government, culture, and economics of the earth?

Chapter 2 Planet Earth

List the planets Explain the difference between a meteroroid, asteroid, and comet.

Hydrosphere – Lithosphere- Atmosphere – Biosphere- What is a landform?

Earths Surface Explain how the Earth Is layered. Identify why there is plate movement. How are mountains formed? What id the difference between a fold and a fault? Identify what an earthquake is. What are volcanoes?

External forces of Change Weathering – physical and chemical what is the difference between the two. Wind erosion – Glacial erosion- Water erosion-

Earth’s Water Describe the water cycle ____ of the earth’s surface is made up of water, but almost all of it is salt water. List the oceans Identify the process used to remove salt from sea water in order for consumption. ____ of the earth total water supply is freshwater, ___ is frozen, and ____ is beneath the earth’s surface.

Chapter 3 Climate of the Earth

Climate and weather Weather – condition of the atmosphere Climate- term of the weather pattern

Earth’s tilt and Rotation Axis – imaginary line running from North pole to the South Pole through the planet’s center. 23 ½ degrees Temperature – how hot or cold it may be Fahrenheit or Celsius

Earth’s revolution Revolution – a trip around the sun 365 days, 1 year Equinox – “equal night” March 21st Sun rays directly hit the Earth North Hemisphere – Spring Southern Hemisphere – Summer

The tropics of capricorn and cancer Tropic of Capricorn Southern most lattiude 23 ½ s December 22nd Rays farther from the sun Tropic of Cancer Northern most 23 ½ N Latitude June 21st Rays closest to the sun Solstice – marks the beginning of summer or winter

The poles One pole tilted towards the sun while the other is not

Greenhouse effect Green house effect – The atmosphere traps the warmth on the earth What would happen without the green house effect? Global warming – gradual warming of the Earth and its atmosphere that may be caused in part by pollution and an increase in greenhouse effect

Latitude and Climate Low latitudes High latitudes mid latitudes

Elevation and Climate How does elevation influence the climate?

Wind and ocean currents Wind, water, and effects of the sun influence the _________________________________. Rising warm air creates – Falling cool air creates -

Wind patterns Prevailing winds – Global winds – clockwise in the Northern hemisphere - Counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere Coriolis effect

Weather and water cycle El Nino Horse latitudes Doldrums Ocean currents Weather and water cycle El Nino

Landforms and climate Windward Leeward Rain shadow

Climate regions Tropical climates Dry climates mid latitude climates tropics Dry climates Oasis mid latitude climates Coniferous Decidiuous Mixed forrest High latitude climates Permafrost Highlands climate

Climate changes Hypothesis smog

Chapter 4 The human world

World Population Death rate- Birth rate – Natural increase – Doubling time – Rapid population growth promotes many challenges to the global community. Why? Explain negative population growth.

Population distribution Population distribution – pattern of human settlement Population density – average number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land.

Population movement Migration – movement of people place to place Urbanization – Refugee -

Elements of culture Culture – the way of life for a group of people Language Language families Religion Social group Ethnic group Government Economic activities Cultural regions Culture region

Cultural change Cultural diffusion – Cultural heaths – Explain how a surplus of food and the rise of cities would result in an increase in civilization. Cultural contacts – spread of ideas and practices

Political systems Unitary system- Federal system- Autocracy – Oligarchy – Democracy –

Economic system Traditional economy – Market economy – Command economy – Socialism - Communism -

Resources Natural resources- Fossil fuels ( coal and oil) and other non renewable resources cannot be replaced, they must be conserved

Economic development Primary – taking directly from the earth Secondary – raw materials to produce something new and valuable Tertiary – Quaternary – Developed countries – ex: Developing country – ex: Industrialized - ex:

World trade A government tries to manage its country’s trade to benefit its own economy Free trade

People and the environment Pollution Air Water Land