What is engineering? ``It is the systematic application of scientific knowledge to the betterment of the human condition.’’ (unidentified man at Burnaby bus stop)

The Harm that Engineers Do Category 1: Unexpected, unintentional harm. Example: the Therac 25

The Harm that Engineers Do Category 1: Unexpected, unintentional harm. Example: the DC-10

Rear cargo hold door secured from outside If door opens, hold depressurises Pressure differential collapses floor Control lines ruptured

The Harm that Engineers Do Category 1: Unexpected, unintentional harm. Example: Virginia Power and Electric

Solution to Category 1 Problems: ``Engineers must insist on 100% safety, no matter what the cost.’’