S1 : Stadium Roof Design – Design Decisions P1

What are the 6 biggest Stadiums in the UK? Capacity 1.Wembley90,000 2.Twickenham 82,000 3.Old Trafford 76,000 4.Millennium stadium 74,500 5.Murrayfield 67,800 6.Emirates 60,400 P2

Wembley Location : London Home to : National Football, Rugby Challenge Cup, 2012 Olympics, Music Concerts Capacity: 90,000 The arch allows part of the roof to be retracted allowing additional sunlight to the pitch between matches. The Arch is 315m long and is the longest single roof structure in the world At 133m high the London Eye can fit underneath it. P3

Twickenham Copyright Realistic Photo Graphics Ltd Location : London Home to : Englands Rugby Football Union Capacity: 82,000 = 1025 full Double Decker buses Originally built in 1909 Renovated 5 times to increase capacity and usage during the off season Roof Structure is a free hanging cantilevered roof. P4

Old Trafford Copyright Manchester Premier Action Location : Manchester Home to : Manchester United FC Capacity: 76,000 Built in : 1910 The capacity has been steadily increased from 40,000 in 1989 by filling in the corners with seating. The stadium is know as The Theatre of Dreams. P5

Millennium Stadium copyright top secret drum corps Location : Cardiff Home to : The Welsh Rugby Union, The Football Association, The Football League, The Football Association of Wales and the British Speedway Association. Capacity: 74,500 Built in : 1999 First retractable roof in the UK. Opening/closing time of 20 minutes m 2 of fixed roof. 8960m 2 of closing roof. P6

Murrayfield Location : Edinburgh Home to : Scottish Rugby Capacity: 67,800 Built in : 1925 The cold climate meant that the ground often froze. The first under pitch heating was installed in the form of an electric blanket in Total cost £10,000. Upgraded for 1991 World Cup by a new heated system of hot water pipes. Total cost £250,000. P7

Emirates Location : London Home to : Arsenal FC Capacity: 60,400 Built in : 2006 Had to replace Highbury as there was little room for expansion. Sloping roof encourages as much sunlight and airflow to the pitch as possible whilst maintaining an exhilarating atmosphere. Construction was completed ahead of schedule and on budget. P8

Client Brief Exercise Divide into the 3 clients for a new premiership football club stadium; –Spectators –Owners/Operators –Participants Discuss the needs and wants of your particular group. Formulate a brief for the stadium designer and present your brief to the rest of the class. P9

Roof Types Goal Post structures; –Best suited for rectangular Stadia –Cheap –Needs regular Maintenance Cantilever Structure; –Useful for continuous bowl- shaped structures and isolated stands –Unobstructed view –Can appear tall and intimidating from the outside Roof Single Girder Stands Roof Tie-down the weight of the roof P10

Roof Types Space Frame Structure; –Can create dramatic shapes –Capable of spanning large distances –Expensive Tension Structure; –Carries tension forces through cables and covered with fabric –Festive and light in appearance –Requires sophisticated design Al Ain Stadium Olympiastadion Muenchen P11

Grass Pitches Grass needs ample light, air movement and strict controls over its humidity & temperature to ensure healthy growth. The degree of enclosure effects the amount of sunlight and air that reaches the grass. Flexible, multi-use stadiums will have a way to either remove the grass or cover it up so music concerts can take place. A permanently or partly roofed stadium can increase the quality of the playing surface through use of a –Roll-In/Roll-out pitch –Pitch on jacks, allowing it to be raised –Retractable roof –Partly, or completely translucent roof covering P12

Environmental Factors Visual Impact Flexibility –Stadiums which stand dormant for almost half the year are not sustainable structures. –Multi-use stadiums have a much better impact on the surrounding area and also generate more income. Design Life –Incorporate possible expansion options into design. Use of materials Maintenance –Incorporate a strategy early on to prevent wastage. Lighting –Optimise the amount of daylight into the structure. –Distribute floodlights evenly. P13

Design Decisions Exercise Re-group into a design team made up of at least one from each client group. By choosing one option from –Degree of enclosure –Roof Type –Pitch system –Roof Covering Optimise the value you are adding to the stadium above the cost. P14