Constructing a Logical Argument

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Presentation transcript:

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument To construct a logical argument, you have two principal patterns available to you—

Constructing a Logical Argument Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning

Constructing a Logical Argument Inductive reasoning involves collecting “proofs”. From these, the reader is asked to make an “inductive leap”.

Constructing a Logical Argument Examples— Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bedroom is red. All chairs in the house are red.

Constructing a Logical Argument Induction is often used by lawyers and detectives.

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument Deduction works from a broad, general statement to particular examples. It is also known as a syllogism.

Constructing a Logical Argument Major Premise – All humans are mortal. Minor Premise – Socrates is human. Conclusion – Socrates is mortal.

Constructing a Logical Argument All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it is divisible by 5. Red meat has iron in it and beef is red meat, so beef has iron in it.

Constructing a Logical Argument Be careful to avoid logical fallacies. Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument The “Black-and-White” Fallacy Example 1: “Either we go to war, or we appear weak.” Example 2: “Either you love me, or you hate me.”

Constructing a Logical Argument Circular Argument When a person’s argument is just repeating what they already assumed beforehand, it’s not arriving at any new conclusion. We call this a circular argument or circular reasoning.

Constructing a Logical Argument Circular Argument – “Abstract art isn’t even art. Those pictures and sculptures don’t represent anything, and that’s how you know its not even art.”

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument Appeals to authority. Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument Red Herring -- Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument

Constructing a Logical Argument Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc –

Constructing a Logical Argument