Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration a metabolic process similar to burning fuel how food gets turned into useable energy glucose (sugar) is the primary source of energy energy is released from the glucose molecule as the high energy bonds are broken and rearranged into lower energy bonds in CO2 and H2O

ATP and Energy the energy from food is transferred to ATP molecules ATP acts as a temporary storage of energy until the cell uses the energy (like a charged battery) after using ATP, it becomes ADP the cells can later “recharge” ADP back into ATP energy can be transferred from food to ATP with or without O2 however, O2 is required in order to fully breakdown glucose and obtain the maximum amount of energy

Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP

Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP from food Energy for cell work

Cell Works that uses chemical energy (ATP) muscle contractions nerve impulses cell membrane protein pumps (active transport) making proteins (like enzymes and new tissues) making nucleic acids (like DNA) cell growth and repair

Energy Loss as Heat some of the energy stored in glucose is lost as heat and is not able to be converted to useable energy in ATP this causes organisms to warm up when their bodies use lots of glucose

When do you use a lot of glucose?

Cellular respiration… it’s not just for animals.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic aerobic literally means “in air” – any process that uses oxygen anerobic literally means “not in air” any process that does NOT use oxygen

Cellular Respiration Equation

ADP + P CELL WORK C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ATP

Glycolysis the beginning of the cellular respiration pathway is anaerobic and occurs in the cytoplasm an enzyme assisted process that breaks one molecule of glucose (with 6 carbon atoms) in half into two molecules called pyruvate (each with 3 carbon atoms)

Energy yield of Glycolysis only produces a small amount of ATP, but can happen very fast requires special energy-carrying molecules called NAD+ NAD+ is made from niacin, vitamin B3 glycolysis stores high-energy electrons on NAD+ and converts the molecules to NADH

Energy yield of Glycolysis all of the NAD+ molecules in the cell get used up very quickly when NAD+ molecules are used up, glycolysis stops so does ATP production

Fermentation process that helps continue to release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen is also an anaerobic process helps free up NAD+ molecules so glycolysis can continue if glycolysis can continue, the cell can make more ATP

Fermentation Two types Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

1. Alcoholic fermentation performed by yeast and a few other microorganisms forms ethyl alcohol and CO2 as wastes Pyruvate + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ pyruvate and NADH were produced during glycolysis makes more NAD+ so glycolysis can make more ATP helps in the production of bread and beer

2. Lactic acid fermentation similar to alcoholic fermentation occurs in our muscles during rapid exercise causes “burning” sensation Pyruvate + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+ pyruvate and NADH were produced during glycolysis makes more NAD + so glycolysis can make more ATP helps in productions of cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream

Aerobic Respriation requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria

Aerobic Respriation

Mitochondria and Battery Chargers Energy Input Electricity from an outlet Output of Useable Energy for Humans Battery Mitochondria Sugar (glucose) Output of Useable Energy for the Cell ATP

Aerobic Respriation requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria releases the MAXIMUM amount of energy from glucose uses the high-energy electrons from NADH and pyruvate to make a LARGE AMOUNT of ATP makes CO2 and H2O as waste products

All eukaryotes have mitochondria became fungi and animals became plants

Why do plants need mitochondria? became fungi and animals became plants

Cellular Respiration & Enzymes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration require the use of many enzymes enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions enzyme efficiency can be affected by many factors Temperature, pH these factors can also speed up (or slow down) respiration

Summary How are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration like a cycle? Discuss reactants and products Discuss movement of gasses in the atmosphere Discuss eukaryotic cell organelles where photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place