The Amendments Vocabulary Activity – Copy the following term in your notes Precedent – Following procedures established by law Bail- Money payed to court by a person guarantying appearance in court Double Jeopardy – People judged not guilty cannot be tried for the same crime twice Slander – Criminal act of lying about another person to harm the persons reputation Eminent Domain – Right of the government to take private property for public use Poll Tax – Sum of money paid in exchange for right to vote Slander – Criminal act of printing lies about other people

Principles of Government The 7 Basic Principles of Government

Seven Basic Principles of Government #1. Popular Sovereignty The principle that government gets its authority from the people, therefore people have a right to change or abolish their government.

Seven Basic Principles of Government #2. Limited Government The principle that government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it. Everyone, no matter how important, must obey the law.

Seven Basic Principles of Government #3. Separation of Powers The idea of limiting government power by dividing it among different branches of government.

Seven Basic Principles of Government # 4. Checks and Balances Each branch of government has power to check, or limit, actions of the other branches.

Seven Basic Principles of Government # 5. Federalism The principle of dividing power between the federal government and the states.

Seven Basic Principles of Government #6. Republicanism A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to carry out their will.

Seven Basic Principles of Government # 7. Individual Rights Individual rights include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to trial by jury.

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The Amendments

The Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments)

1st Amendment Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and press, and the right of people to petition the government. No official religion Citizens can criticize government American press is not subject to prior restraint - that is, government censorship of information before it is published

1st Amendment (cont.)

1st Amendment (cont.) Slander (false speech intended to damage a persons reputation) and libel (similar to slander except it applies to written or published statements) are both illegal 2. You must be responsible. For example, you cannot endanger the nations safety by giving away military secrets or call for the violent overthrow of the government. 3. Don’t cry “Fire” in a crowded theatre

Is this O.K.? What do you think and why?                                                                                                                                    Is this O.K.? What do you think and why?

2nd Amendment Right to Bear Arms Originally intended to prevent the national government from taking away weapons Can be regulated Right to Wear Sleeveless shirts!

3rd Amendment Prohibits government from forcing people to provide shelter for soldiers

4th Amendment Police must have probable cause (a reasonable basis to believe the person or premises is linked to a crime) to carry out an arrest or search A search or an arrest also requires a search warrant or an arrest warrant (these are orders signed by a judge describing a specific place to be searched for specific items or naming the individual to be arrested for a specific crime)

4th Amendment (Cont.)

5th Amendment No one can be tried for a serious crime unless a grand jury has decided there is enough evidence to justify a trial Cannot be tried for the same crime twice (Double Jeopardy) Cannot be forced to testify against himself or herself (Right to remain silent) Government cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law (government needs to follow proper procedures in trials)

Miranda v. Arizona 1. You have the right to remain silent. 2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. 3. You have the right to an attorney. 4. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you.

6th Amendment Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury. (Why?) Change of venue may be asked for as well Accused persons have the right to a lawyer

6th Amendment (Cont.)

6th Amendment (Cont.)

7th Amendment Right to a trial by jury of his or her peers

8th Amendment 1. Prohibits excessive bail 2. Prohibits excessive fines 3. Bans cruel and unusual punishment (these are punishments that are out of proportion to the crime committed)

9th Amendment * Protects all basic or natural rights not specifically noted in the Constitution 10th Amendment * Establishes that powers not given to the national government - or denied to the states - by the Constitution belong to the states or to the people

Other Amendments 11th Amendment (1795) – Prohibits a state from being sued in federal court by citizens of another state or of another nation 12th Amendment (1804) – Required presidential electors to vote separately for president and vice president

Civil War Amendments 13th Amendment (1865) – Abolished slavery 14th Amendment (1868) – Originally intended to protect the legal rights of the freed slaves and their descendants. Today it protects the rights of citizenship in general by prohibiting a state from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without “due process of law.” 15th Amendment (1870) – Prohibits the government from denying a persons right to vote on the basis of race

Later Amendments (20th Century) 16th Amendment (1913) Gave Congress the power to levy individual income taxes Progressive tax – assigned higher tax rates to people with higher incomes

17th Amendment (1913) Provided for the election of U.S. Senators by direct popular vote instead of by state legislatures

18th Amendment (1919) Outlawed the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition)

19th Amendment (1920) Guaranteed women the right to vote (Women's Suffrage)

20th Amendment (1933) Shortened the time between a presidential election and inauguration by designating January 20 as Inauguration Day; set January 3 as the date for the opening of a new Congress

21st Amendment (1933) Repealed the 18th Amendment and empowered Congress to regulate the liquor industry

22nd Amendment (1951) Limited presidents to 2 full terms in office Why? Franklin Delano Roosevelt

23rd Amendment (1961) Granted voters in the District of Columbia the right to vote for president and vice president.

24th Amendment (1964) Outlawed poll taxes (taxes paid in order to vote) in federal elections. Why were these used?

25th Amendment (1967) Provided for succession to the office of president in the event of death or incapacity and for filling vacancies in the office of the vice president

26th Amendment (1971) – Extended the right to vote to 18-year olds 27th Amendment (1992) – Banned Congress from increasing its members salaries until after the next election.