PAPER 1: Living with the physical environment SECTION A: The challenge of natural hazards KEY IDEA: Climate Change 1

Long Term Climate Change Graph (Quaternary) The Long term pattern of climate change….. Quaternary/ 2.6 million years Fluctuated Warm/ Interglacial/ 10,000 years Cold/ Glacial/ 100,000 years

Long Term Climate Change Evidence Tree Rings: Counting rings shows age/ Date information Thicker/ Longer Growing Season/ Warmer Thinner/ Shorter Growing Season/ Colder Ice Cores: Drilled Ice/ Antarctica/ Greenland/ 800,000 years / Layers Dated Bubbles Trapped/ Contain Co2 More Co2/ Warmer/ Co2 Traps Heat Ocean Sediments: Drilled sediment/Ocean beds Contain fossils/ type of fossils Look for adaptation

Short Term Climate Change Graph (Recent) Task: The short term pattern of climate change….. Warming Trend/ 20,000 yrs Particular 1980 onwards (more cars/ higher wealth/ industrialisation of NEEs)

Short Term Climate Change Evidence Glacial Retreat: Melting/ more loss then gain each year / warming temperatures/ cause rising sea levels

Natural Causes of Past Climate (x3) Volcanic Eruption Theory: Large Scale Eruption Gas (Sulphur Dioxide) Ash Stratosphere Reflects Mount Pinatubo Sunlight 1991 Global Cooling 0.5 Degree 2 Years Sun Spots/ Solar Output: Dark Spots Release Energy Solar Flares Warmer Less Spots Cooler Little Ice Age Frozen Thames Earth orbit changes: Shape Circular to elliptical Changes distance from sun Tilt 22.5 and 24.5 degrees Wobble Colder Away and Towards Closer Warmer Further Away

Human causes of climate change (3 x activities)

Human causes of climate change (Enhanced Greenhouse Effect)

Effects of climate change on the environment More storms/ Flooding: Higher evaporation makes more storms with intense rainfall = more flooding (Europe) Effects of climate change on the environment Drought: Higher temperatures and less rainfall cause drought (less than expected rainfall) (Sahel, Africa) Coral Bleaching: Rising sea levels and warmer oceans mean the coral is being killed (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) Adelie Penguin: Ice changes mean mothers not get food back to young/ all young die off (Antarctica)

Effects of climate change on the people Shorter snow seasons: less money for ski resorts (Europe) Effects of climate change on the people Pest increase: warmer/ wetter conditions increase pest risk/ lack of food/ expensive food/ famine More storms/ Flooding: pay for damage/ pay for flood defences (Europe) Drought: crops can’t grow/ famine (death by lack of food) (Sahel Region, Africa)

Mitigation Strategies to reduce the impact (x 4) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): pump out of factories and store in old mines underground that are now empty/ less carbon in atmosphere Mitigation Strategies to reduce the impact (x 4) Green Companies: Triple Velvet/ for every tree cut down replant 3/ more carbon storage in atmosphere Wind Farms: Create green energy that does not pollute using wind turbines/less carbon in atmosphere International Agreements: Paris Climate Agreement/ countries agreement to reduce their emissions so less than 2 degrees of climate change

Adaptation Strategies to reduce the impact (x 3) Managing water supplies: Water saving kits in London/ shower timer/ dual flush toilets/ fixing leaks International Potato Museum: Save potato seeds so if some strains die due to climate change we can still grow them in the future Thames Barrier: Raise the barrier is the sea is high tide so it does not flood low lying parts of London Centre Pivot Irrigation: Saves water as sprays directly onto crops Houses on stilts: If houses had flooding belongings would be safer