Early Cold War, Truman, & Eisenhower (1945-1960) 1945—1960 Chapters 31 & 33— PART 1 OF 5 Early Cold War, Truman, & Eisenhower (1945-1960) 1945—1960

SSUSH20— The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States. a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, United States commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy. b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy. c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. d. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive, and growing opposition to the war.

a. Describe the “baby boom” and its impact as shown by Levittown. SSUSH21— The student will explain economic growth and its impact on the United States from 1945 to 1970. a. Describe the “baby boom” and its impact as shown by Levittown. b. Describe the impact of television has had on the culture of the United States. c. Analyze the impact of technology on life in the United States. d. Describe the impact of competition with the Soviet Union.

Meeting the Soviet Challenge The Cold War Begins Roots of the Cold War Main Idea: By the end of World War II, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union had fallen apart due to the fear that the Soviet Union was attempting world domination. Meeting the Soviet Challenge Main Idea: At President Truman’s urging, Congress aided Greece, Turkey, and other countries struggling against communist movements.

Containing Soviet Expansion The Cold War Begins Containing Soviet Expansion Main Idea: George F. Kennan presented a policy called containment, with the goal of keeping communism within its current borders. The Cold War Heats Up Main Idea: When the Soviets blockaded Allied-controlled West Berlin, the United Sates and Britain used a massive airlift to fly supplies into the city, showing how far they would go to fight communism. 5

American & Soviet Systems American System Capitalist democracy Free elections Economic and religious freedom Private property Respect for individual rights Soviet System Dictatorship Communist Party made all economic, political and military decisions No religious worship No private property No freedom of speech

Cold War Cold War— Political and economic conflict which led to an increase in military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (1945—1991). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and fifteen independent republics formed.

Yalta Conference Yalta Conference— FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meeting (February, 1945). At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into four zones. Stalin agreed to let the Polish people choose own form of government. A series of steps led to the creation of United Nations.

Harry S. Truman 33rd President 1945 – 1953 Party: Democratic Home State: Missouri Vice Presidents: Alben Barkley

Harry S. Truman Domestic Roosevelt dies (April 12, 1945). Motto – “The buck stops here.” Vice President for 83 days. Took a harder line toward Stalin than Roosevelt had during World War II. Ordered desegregation of the United States armed forces.

Harry S. Truman Foreign First President of the Cold War. President who initiated the arms race with Soviets. Authored the Truman Doctrine. Supported the Marshall Plan. NATO created during presidency. President during the Korean Conflict (1950—1953).

Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference— Meeting between Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin, and Clement Attlee (July—August , 1945). The Soviet Union wanted $10 billion from Germany in reparations (Allies said “No”). The United States pushed for Polish elections (Stalin did not support). Truman received word that the atom bomb had been tested.

Iron Curtain Iron Curtain— Separation between Communist Eastern and Capitalist Western Europe. Stalin predicted the triumph of communism over capitalism. Winston Churchill coined the phrase “…an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

Satellite Nations Soviets lost 20 million people during WWII and wanted to protect its interests, so Stalin established satellite nations in 1948. Satellite Nations— The Eastern European nations of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, East Germany, and Bulgaria. Yugoslavia maintained a degree of independence from the Soviet Union. Tito (Josip Broz) was the communist dictator of Yugoslavia and refused to take orders from Stalin.

Containment Containment— United States policy of keeping communism within its existing borders). George Kennan (an American diplomat and expert on the Soviet Union stationed in Moscow). Keenan suggested that the West needed intelligent long-range policies which recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was lost to communism. George Kennan

Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine (1947) was a declaration which stated that the United States would support world nations being threatened by communism (internally or externally). Americans provided aid to Greece and Turkey. Congress provided $400 million plus military bases.

Marshall Plan Marshall Plan— United States-led plan which called for the nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war. The United States would support those nations with financial aid ($13 billion). The plan hoped to create strong democracies in Western Europe and opened new markets for American goods. George Marshall

The Cost of Containment TRANSPARENCY Marshall Plan

Shipments Financed by the Marshall Plan CHART