E-Governance and Development Session 7 “ICTs for Development” course Aim – to understand how ICTs can help develop improve governance in developing countries   Objectives – participants will be able to: - Explain governance-related goals in development - Define and illustrate public value - Analyse the public value of, and challenges to, e-services in developing countries - Utilise models to analyse the role of ICTs in e-accountability and e-democracy initiatives - Analyse the role of motivation and power in e-governance initiatives

Good Governance and Development Other Devel Input Other Devel Impact Development Processes Inputs Processes Impacts/Goals 7.1. Good Governance as a Development Goal Give governance definition from Section 7.1 text. ASK – why does good governance matter (see slide)? >As an input to development: improves ability to achieve development >As a goal of development: political development alongside socio-economic development DISCUSSION What would ‘better governance’ mean to you? >See different views around size and nature of role for government

Good Governance and SDGs SDG 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Legislature Executive Judiciary Government Citizens Non-Govt Actors Effective Services Accountability Democratic Inclusion Read out SDG 16. Three main components (use Section 7.1 text): effective, accountable, inclusive governance.

From New Public Management to Public Value New Public Management: “a move away from a focus on bureaucratic administration to a more customer-oriented and flexible management style grounded in private sector approaches to service delivery and administration” (Eagle 2005:20) Public Value: “public value is what the public values” (Talbot 2011:28) – the “collectively expressed, politically mediated preferences ... of the citizenry” (O’Flynn 2007:358) 7.1.1. Introducing Public Value What principle can be used to guide improvements towards good governance, including ICT-enabled improvements? New public management is one: seeks to apply private sector techniques to public sector. But . . . EXERCISE How are the public and private sectors different? >Objectives, accountabilities, competition, resourcing, etc Alternative principle of public value. ++See definition, and explain nature and implication from Section 7.1.1 text

Public Value of e-Services in Bhutan 7.2. e-Services and Development 7.2.1. The Impact of e-Services in Developing Countries EXERCISE Read Box 7.1 case study. Which of the indicators would likely be part of public value, and which would not? What is the overall impact of ICTs on services in Bhutan? >Likely public value: all external plus internal cost >Unlikely public value: management control and staff working time >Impact: largely positive but note issue of cost: e-government rarely saves money Source: Miyata 2011

Public Value of e-Services in Sri Lanka: Alternative Model Alternative model of public value. Reminder that cannot use any one public value model as template: only citizens in particular context can define public value. So e-governance based on public value starts by surveying citizen views. Source: Karunasena et al 2011

e-Services Challenges Accessibility Adoption / Use Assessment (Benefits / Costs) Awareness Enablers / Constraints 7.2.2. Challenges of Developing Country e-Services EXERCISE Read Box 7.3 and identify key challenges to adoption of e-services. >See Box 7.3 text: accessibility, awareness, assessment, enablers/constraints

Informational Model of the Accountability Cycle Accounter (e.g. Public Official or Agency) Accountee (e.g. Citizen or NGO) Targets/ Standards Processes (Decisions and Actions) Monitor Impacts Evaluate Control Stage 1: Openness Stage 2: Transparency Stage 3: Accountability Explanation 7.3. e-Accountability and Development From public value, the idea of holding government officials and agencies to account. Explain informational model: see Section 7.3 text. EXERCISE Read the Box 7.5 case study, and identify the mechanisms for Stages 1, 2 and 3. >Stage 1: ++Citizens >Stage 2: ++Citizens and central team >Stage 3: ++Local media, collective voice of citizens/champions/central team For e-accountability to work, must have mechanisms for all three stages. Image sources: http://www.newsmeback.com/blog/interview/interview-with-smita-choudhary-co-founder-of-the-cgnet-swara-india/; http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Bj8phV6COEqlGMp3HhIuuL/CGNet-Swara-Shifting-the-power-of-journalism-to-the-mobile.html; http://www.thecitizen.org.au/features/how-citizen-journalism-giving-voice-indias-forgotten-villagers

Accountability Cycle Motivations Accounter (e.g. Public Official or Agency) Accountee (e.g. Citizen or NGO) Targets/ Standards Processes (Decisions and Actions) Monitor Impacts Evaluate Control Stage 1: Openness Stage 2: Transparency Stage 3: Accountability Explanation Motivation 1 Motivation 3 Motivation 2 7.3.1. Challenges of Developing Country e-Accountability For all three stages of e-accountability to work, there must be a motivation for all elements of the cycle. Three key motivations that must be present and which, if absent, would likely cause failure. ++Motivation 1: accounter must be motivated to provide data. May need legislation, direct action, or automated reporting. ++Motivation 2: accountee must be motivated to monitor, evaluate and control. See East Africa examples in Section 7.3.1 text. ++Motivation 3: accounter must be motivated to change behaviour. Most difficult. Can try automation and disintermediation. For e-accountability design: where does motivation exist or can be created or circumvented.

Models of Democracy/Governance Communitarian (Pluralist) Liberal Individualist Authoritarian Participatory (Deliberative) Competitive 7.4. e-Democracy and Development Core way in which public value differs from private value. But have to know which model of governance and democracy the public values. Five different models: ++Show and explain each one based on Section 7.4 text. EXERCISE Provide examples of use of ICTs to support each one of the five models. Cannot deliver e-democracy and e-inclusion unless know what vision for democracy and what vision for inclusion exists. Image sources: http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/engl_258/Lecture%20Notes/American%20Romantic%20Individualism.htm; http://studentsforliberty.org/blog/2012/12/03/a-communitarian-take-on-liberty/; https://www.opendemocracy.net/dliberation/deliberative_democracy; http://pastorsponderings.org/2014/07/14/dear-salvation-army-on-authoritarian-leadership-healthy-model-or-faulty-model/; https://beta.theodysseyonline.com/super-tuesday-update

ICTs, Developing Countries and Democracy Are ICTs making Developing Countries . . . More Democratic Less Democratic No Difference 7.4.1. Democratic Impacts of ICTs Do ICTs just passively reproduce existing polity, or do they change it? DISCUSSION Vote on more / less / no difference. Read first part of Section 7.4.1 text, then discuss, and re-vote. May see only incremental changes: key factors are impact of ICTs on motivation and power structures. See Section 7.4.1 second part text.