DO NOW… Differentiate between explicit and implicit memory. Provide an example of each.

DO NOW… What is confirmation bias?

DO NOW… Differentiate between a phoneme and a morpheme.

DO NOW… What is a schema?

Thinking and Language Chapter 10

Cognitive Psychology This perspective looks at information processing. It includes memory, perception, thinking, problem solving, language, and intelligence. Cognition – mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information

Cognitive Perspective: Assumptions Nature and Nurture – the nature of the information processing system seems to be inborn. Behavior cannot be fully understood without recourse to the internal mental processes, or mediators, that occur between input and output. The way the info processing system works suggests that human behavior is rational and predictable. Mental processes can and should be studied scientifically. Human functioning can be likened to that of a machine.

Cognitive Perspective: Methods Experiments Descriptive Triangulation Loftus: Memory – case studies, observations and experiments Verbal Protocol – people verbalize their thoughts processes as they solve a problem

Thinking Concept Prototype Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people Address, zoo, fruit Prototype The best example of a category Example: bird = robin; chair = ?

Problem Solving Three ways to solve problems Insight Algorithm Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem Heuristic Rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently Usually speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms Heuristic errors

Because it has all of the features commonly associated with ‘bird,’ a robin is considered A concept A prototype An algorithm A heuristic

Problem Solving Insight Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem Contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Problem Solving Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation Bias Tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions Fixation Inability to see a problem from a new perspective Impediment to problem solving

Thinking Framing The way an issue is posed How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments Example: What is the best way to market ground beef – as 25% fat or 75% lean?

The Matchstick Problem How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles? 14 13 12 15 17 20 19 18 11 16 9 3 2 1 End 4 5 8 7 6 10

Think-pair-share 30 20 19 21 17 16 22 18 23 28 29 27 26 24 25 15 14 4 5 3 2 End 1 13 6 11 12 7 10 9 8 Share with your partner how you would solve this problem.

The Candle-Mounting Problem Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board? 14 13 12 15 17 20 19 18 11 16 9 3 2 1 End 4 5 8 7 6 10

Think-pair-share 20 21 19 17 16 22 18 23 28 29 30 27 26 24 25 15 14 4 5 3 2 End 1 13 6 11 12 7 10 9 8 Share with your partner how you would solve this problem.

Thinking Mental Set Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way Especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

Thinking Functional Fixedness tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions impediment to problem solving

The Matchstick Problem Solution to the matchstick problem

The Candle-Mounting Problem Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

Thinking Overconfidence Tendency to be more confident than correct Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

Thinking Belief bias Belief Perseverance the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid Belief Perseverance Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Thinking outside the box… Convergent thinking – conventional thinking directed toward a single correct solution Divergent thinking – thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas

Artificial Intelligence designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things to simulate human thought processes intuitive reasoning learning understanding language

Compared to convergent thinkers, divergent thinkers are more likely to: Process information to arrive at the single best answer Think creatively and general multiple answers Problems solve in a step-by-step fashion Frequently suffer from functional fixedness

AI Write a 1 page essay on your opinion regarding Artificial Intelligence. Do you think this is something humans should pursue or not? What do you think the outcome of pursuing artificial intelligence might be? How might we (or government) regulate this industry?

Do now… What is functional fixedness?

Building Blocks of Language our spoken, written, or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning Phoneme in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Building Blocks of Language Morpheme In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning May be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) Example: Cat Grammar A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Language Semantics Syntax the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language also, the study of meaning Syntax the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language Example: White House

Stages of Language Babbling Stage One-Word Stage beginning at 3 to 4 months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language One-Word Stage from about age 1 to 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Stages of Language Two-Word Stage Telegraphic Speech beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements Telegraphic Speech early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words

Language Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage 4 10 12 24 24+ Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals households language. One-word stage. Two-word, telegraphic speech. Language develops rapidly into Complete sentences.

Language Biological Reasons Behaviorism Noam Chomsky (Nativist theory) Lennenberg’s theory of critical period Examples Victor (France) Genie (US) Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience fills them as it modifies the brain Behaviorism Skinner and behaviorists say language is ________.

Language Linguistic Relativity Benjamin Lee Whorf and Sapir’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think Examples Eskimoes

Animal Language? Direction of nectar source The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun Signing Chimpanzees

Check for understanding: For each of the following, list the number of phonemes and morphemes, Bats (4;2) Test (3;1)

Phonemes are: The rules of grammar that dictate letter combinations in a language The smallest unit of sound in a language The smallest unit of meaning in a language Semantically the same as morphemes

Language = Nature & Nurture Interactionist theory = both

Think-Pair-Share While Marie and her mother are looking at a book together, Marie's mother shows her a picture of an animal and says "cow." Marie says "cow," and her mother praises her for her correct response. Two pages later, Marie spontaneously points to a picture and correctly identifies it as a cow. 14 13 12 15 17 20 19 18 11 16 9 3 2 1 End 4 5 8 7 6 10

20 21 22 19 18 16 17 23 24 29 30 28 27 25 26 15 14 4 5 3 2 End 1 6 7 12 13 11 10 8 9 Think-Pair-Share While Marie and her mother are looking at a book together, Marie's mother shows her a picture of an animal and says "cow." Marie says "cow," and her mother praises her for her correct response. Two pages later, Marie spontaneously points to a picture and correctly identifies it as a cow.

Think-Pair-Share When his day care teacher asks 2-year-old Jack what he did last Saturday, he responds with "We goed to the zoo." His teacher smiles, marveling at the fact that all children Jack's age make this type of grammatical error. 14 13 12 15 17 20 19 18 11 16 9 3 2 1 End 4 5 8 7 6 10

20 21 22 19 18 16 17 23 24 29 30 28 27 25 26 15 14 4 5 3 2 End 1 6 7 12 13 11 10 8 9 Think-Pair-Share When his day care teacher asks 2-year-old Jack what he did last Saturday, he responds with "We goed to the zoo." His teacher smiles, marveling at the fact that all children Jack's age make this type of grammatical error.

Think-Pair-Share Twelve-year-old Malcolm, who immigrated to the United States at age 4, understands English grammar much better than 20-year-old Maya, who was first exposed to English at age 12. 14 13 12 15 17 20 19 18 11 16 9 3 2 1 End 4 5 8 7 6 10

20 21 22 19 18 16 17 23 24 29 30 28 27 25 26 15 14 4 5 3 2 End 1 6 7 12 13 11 10 8 9 Think-Pair-Share Twelve-year-old Malcolm, who immigrated to the United States at age 4, understands English grammar much better than 20-year-old Maya, who was first exposed to English at age 12.

Secrets of a Wild Child pt 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEnkY2iaKis

Secrets of a Wild Child pt 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqqanfbK1H0

Apollo 13 Copy the following questions and answer them while you watch the movie. The answers are due at the end of class. Give an example of belief bias. Give an example of heuristics being used. Give an example of algorithms being used. Give an example of functional fixedness. Why does this movie fit into the cognitive perspective?