Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry
Introduction Chemist divided compounds into compounds that chemists could produce and compounds that only organisms could produce. An organic compound contains carbon and hydrogen. often combined with a few other elements, such as oxygen and nitrogen.
Forms of Carbon Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes are forms of carbon. Diamonds: Diamond is an example of network solid. Graphite: Soft and Slippery. Between graphite layers the bonds are weak which allows the layers to slide easily past one another. Fullerenes: Produced when some carbon compounds burn.
Saturated Hydrocarborns All of the bonds are single bonds. A saturated hydrocarbon contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. Straight chains: A structural formula shows how those atoms are arranged. The number of atoms in a straight-chain alkane affects the state of the alkane at room temperature. Branched Chains: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure formulas are isomers. Difference in structure affects some properties of isomers. Rings: Most ring alkanes, or cyclic hydrocarbons, have rings with five or six carbons. The carbon atoms in cyclobutane are linked in a four-carbon ring.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. There are three types, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Alkenes: Hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds are alkenes. Alkynes: Alkynes are straight or branched chain hydrocarbons that have one or more triple bonds. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons that contain similar ring structure are known as Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Fossil Fuel Three types of fossil fuel are coal, natural gas, and petroleum. Coal: Coal is a fossil fuel that began o form around 300 million years ago in ancient swamps. Burning coal produces more soot that burning other fossil fuels does. Natural Gas: Formed by the remain of marine organisms. Mostly Methane but also contains ethane, propane, and isomers of butane. Petroleum: Formed by the remain of marine organisms. Pumped beneath earth’s surface. Mixture of hydrocarbons, comprised mainly of long-branched alkanes and alkenes.
Combustion of fossil fuels The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete Combustion: In stoves and furnaces, there may not be enough oxygen available for complete combustion of all the fuel. So carbon monoxide (a deadly gas) is made. It is colorless and odorless it can be inhaled or absorbed by blood. Acid Rain: Combustion of fossil fuels causes the acidity of rain to increase. Rain is always a little acidic.
Substitute Hydrocarbons By Ben Pirro, Pia Jaeger, and Jin Han Substitute Hydrocarbons
Vocabulary Substituted Hydrocarbon- a hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom or a group of atoms Functional Group- the substituted atom or group of atoms
Alcohols The functional group in an alcohol is a hydroxyl group, -OH An alcohol can also be made by reacting an alkene with water
Organic Acids and Bases The functional group in organic acids is a carboxyl group, -COOH Organic acids tend to have sharp tastes and strong odors The simplest organic acid is methanoic acid, which is also known as formic acid The functional group in an amine is an amino group, -NH2 Amines are found in paints, dyes, and disinfectants
Esters Esters from when organic acids react with alcohols Esters are used in many processed foods to produce flavors such as strawberry, banana, and grape
9.3 Polymers
Vocabulary Polymer: a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds. Monomers: The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer. Carbohydrates: a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1 Nucleic acids: are large, nitrogen-filled polymers found mainly in the nuclei of cells.
What is one way that polymers can be classified What is one way that polymers can be classified? Polymers can be classified as natural polymers or synthetic polymers. What are three examples of synthetic polymers? Rubber, nylon, and polyethylene. What are four types of polymers that organisms can produce? They are produced in plant and animal cells are starches, cellulose, nucleic acids, and proteins
Vocabulary Amino acid: is a compound that contains both carboxyl and amino functional groups in the same molecule. Protein: is a polymer in which at least 100 amino acid monomers are linked through bonds between an amino group and a carboxyl group.
Vocabulary Photosynthesis- plants chemically combine carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates Enzymes- proteins that act as catalysts for reactions in cells Vitamins- organic compounds that organisms need in small amounts, but cannot reproduce
During photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy. 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (light) 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (heat)
During Cellular Respiration, the energy stored in the products of photosynthesis is released Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration is a complete series of reactions.
Enzymes and Vitamins are compounds that help cells function efficiently at normal body temperature Without enzymes cells could not digest food or extract energy from food Limes contain vitamin c, so do many fruits A vitamin that dissolves in water gets separated from the body daily