Energy and Organelles

Energy the ability to do work

Energy Energy comes in many forms. Can we list some? Light Heat Electrical Chemical

Which type of energy do living things use? living things use chemical energy to get work done

Uses of Chemical Energy in Organisms muscle contractions nerve impulses cell membrane protein pumps (active transport) making proteins (like enzymes and new tissues) making nucleic acids (like DNA) cell growth and repair

How do living things get energy? food energy in a molecule is in the chemical bonds formed between the atoms of that molecule food molecules contain high-energy chemical bonds when a high-energy bond is broken and lower energy bonds are made, energy is released cells use the energy released some organisms make food; other organisms can only consume food

But how do living things release store and release chemical energy? from food Energy for cell work

ADP Adenosine Diphosphate a molecule by which one phosphate attaches to create ATP like a partially charged battery

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate an important chemical in life's never ending need for energy like a charged battery of useable energy for the cell

ATP extremely useful as the basic energy source of all cells the third phosphate on an ATP molecule can readily be broken (releasing energy) and reformed (requires energy) cells possess only small amounts of ATP it is used for cell work very quickly cells need to constantly make it

Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP Animation

All of these require the use of ATP! muscle contractions nerve impulses cell membrane protein pumps (active transport) making proteins (like enzymes and new tissues) making nucleic acids (like DNA) cell growth and repair

Using the Energy in ATP and Converting ADP into ATP from food Energy for cell work

Organelles membrane-bound eukaryotic cell structures that have special functions only found in Eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) their membranes are made of phospholipids just like cell membranes organelles are to a cell like organs are to a body

Organelles Two major organelles associated with energy in cells 1. Chloroplasts 2. Mitochondria

Chloroplasts oval shaped organelle in plant leaf cells and some types of protists composed of an inner and an outer membrane

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and all the enzymes necessary to convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into chemical energy (sugars) in a process called photosynthesis produces sugar (food) for plant cells

Chloroplasts and Solar Panels Energy Input Sunlight Output of Useable Energy for Humans Electricity Chloroplast Visible Light (sunlight, lightbulbs, etc.) Output of Chemical Energy for the Cell Sugar (glucose)

Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) oval shaped organelle in ALL eukaryotes composed of an inner and an outer membrane inner membrane has many folds (cristae) which increases the surface area of the inner membrane

Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) the cell’s battery charger produces usable energy for the cell from sugar using oxygen this process is called cellular respiration contain enzymes that split sugar molecules (glucose) and transfer the energy to ATP that the cell can use

Mitochondria and Battery Chargers Energy Input Electricity from an outlet Output of Useable Energy for Humans Battery Mitochondria Sugar (glucose) Output of Useable Energy for the Cell ATP

Endosymbiotic Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts are the descendants of prokaryotes that took up a symbiotic relationship and became eukaryotic cells This theory was proposed in 1970 by Lynn Margulis, an American biologist.

Endosymbiotic Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts are the descendants of prokaryotes that took up a symbiotic relationship and became eukaryotic cells This theory was proposed in 1970 by Lynn Margulis, an American biologist. became fungi and animals became plants

Endosymbiotic Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to each other and bacteria their own DNA, separate from the DNA found in the nucleus use their DNA to produce many of their own proteins and enzymes required for their functions

Endosymbiotic Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to each other and bacteria two phospholipid bilayer membranes surround both organelles further evidence that each was ingested by a primitive host the inside membrane was the original cell’s membrane

Endosymbiotic Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to each other and bacteria reproduce like bacteria replicate their own DNA (which is circular, like bacteria) divide on their own independent of cell division

The Most Important Moment in the History of Life Summary The Most Important Moment in the History of Life ~ It's Okay To Be Smart

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