How to do literature review? Dr. Ahmet Demir 02/11/2017 Ishik University Sulaimani

What is literature and literature review? Literature is all the works those have been studied in a subject of a scientific field Literature review is reaching those journals and data bases to review the studied researches in concerning fields and subjects Literature review is information obtained from previous studies’ important points and summarizes. Literature review is not reviewing Uncle Google!!! All the internet resources are not reliable and whatever referenced in a manuscript as information must be reliable. This reliability is belonging to the author

Literature Sources Available

Categories of sources Primary (published and unpublished); sources are the first occurrence of a piece of work. It is difficult to trace it is called grey literature. Secondary; subsequent publication of primary literature. Tertiary; also called “search tools” are designed either to help to locate primary and secondary literature or to introduce a topic.

Literature Review Before the research problem is determined, researcher can make a superficial literature check. After creating the research problem, s/he takes a deep detailed look at the concerning literature and associates the relevant field with the manuscript.

Literature review Process Literature review is an infinite process

General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review Don’t attempt to cover everything written on your topic You will need to pick out the research most relevant to the topic you are studying You will use the studies in your literature review as “evidence” that your research question is an important one

Questions to ask yourself Why am I reading this? What is the author trying to do in writing this? How convincing is this? What use can I make of this reading?

General Guidelines to Writing a Literature Review It is important to cover research relevant to all the variables being studied. Research that explains the relationship between these variables is a top priority. You will need to plan how you will structure your literature review and write from this plan.

Organizing Your Literature Review Topical Order—organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the relationship of the issues to the main “problem” Chronological Order—organize the literature by the dates the research was published Problem-Cause-Solution Order—Organize the review so that it moves from the problem to the solution General-to-Specific Order—(Also called the funnel approach) Examine broad-based research first and then focus on specific studies that relate to the topic

Literature Review After reviewing the literature, summarize what has been done, what has not been done, and what needs to be done Remember you are arguing your point of why your study is important! Then pose a formal research question or state a hypothesis Be sure this is clearly linked to your literature review!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Literature Review All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the references To sum, a literature review should include introduction, summary and critique of journal articles, justifications for your research project and the hypothesis for your research project

Common Errors Made in Lit Reviews Review isn’t logically organized Review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study Review doesn’t relate literature to the study Too few references or outdated references cited Review isn’t written in author’s own words Review reads like a series of disjointed summaries Review doesn’t argue a point Recent references are omitted

For a good literature review The literature that you find should be directly related with the research problem and should surround the problem overall It must be taken from the scientific journals, not the magazines, newspapers, and non-academic sources Not only the summarizing of the concerning paper but the review must also show the weak and strong points of the concerning paper Overall it must construct a picture which shows the known and unknown points of the topic Showing the controversial issues of the concerning topic Not taking so many quotations and explaining the concerning reference with our own words It must show and prove that the review you do will enrich the literature further

Writing the Literature Review Plagiarism includes: Using another writer’s words without proper citation Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source Borrowing all or part of another author’s paper Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper It is seriously important to apply the ethical rules of academic world while doing a literature review The idea will not be belonging to you if you just change the way it is expressed!!!!! It is basically about showing the idea as if it was yours although it wasn’t Copy-paste without referring is plagiarism It is not considered as “BAD” if you have many references

Direct Quotation: copy-pasting the sentences of a researcher without any change on it You must quote it in “quotation mark” and either in the beginning, or in the end, you must refer to the authors Paraphrasing: summarizing the idea of a researcher without changing the originality of it You don’t use any mark due to the sentences are belonging to you –not the idea- but you must refer to the authors For the quotations which doesn't exceed 40 words, it is quoted within the “Quotation Mark” within the paragraph. In contrary, it is quoted as a sequized paragraph such as; How to make quotation

References If the reference is with one author, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like; (Parez, 2017) If the reference is with one author, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like; Parez (2017) If the reference is with two authors, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like; (Parez and Kurdistan 2017) If the reference is with two authors, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like; Parez and Kurdistan (2017)

references If the reference is with 3-5 authors, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like; (Parez, Kurdistan, and Karwan, 2017) Later with the repetitive referencing; (Parez et. Al., 2017) If the reference is with 3-5 authors, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like; Parez, Kurdistan, and Karwan (2017) Parez et. Al., (2017)

references If the reference has more than 6 authors, it can be referred at the end of the sentence like; (Parez, et. Al., 2017) If the reference is with 3-5 authors, it can be referred at the beginning of the sentence like; Parez, et. Al., (2017)

Referencing to more than one study If you would like to refer to more than one study for your claim, it might be done in some various ways; If the studies are belonging to the same author within the same period of time, (Demir, 2014a, 2014b) Otherwise, the authors might be sequenced according to the alphabetic order such as; (Demir, 2014; Ibrahim, 2000; Karwan, 2005)

Referring to books If it is single author; Author surname, author's first letter. (Year). The name of the book (if there is a print number). Published City: Publisher Balcı, A. (2009). Techniques and principles of research methods in social sciences (7th edition). Ankara: Pegem Publishing Karasar, N. (2008). The method of scientific research (17th edition). Ankara: Nobel Publication Distribution If it is multiple author; Author's Last Name, First Name's First Name and Other Author's Last Name, First Name's First Name. (YEAR). Name of book (if any, print number). Published City: Publisher. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2005). Qualitative research methods in social sciences (5th edition). Ankara: Seckin Publishing Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Scientific research methods. Ankara: Pegem Publications.

Paper references Şenocak, E., Taşkesenligil, Y. & Sözbilir, M. (2007). A study on teaching gases to prospective primary science teachers through problem-based learning. Research in Science Education, 37(3), 279-290. Sözbilir, M., Pınarbaşı, T., & Canpolat, N. (2010). Prospective chemistry teachers’ conceptions of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 6(2), 111-122.