Unity and Sectionalism Chapter 11.3 Unity and Sectionalism

James Monroe’s Presidency James Monroe was a Republican – he wanted to once again increase the power of the national government, since the War of 1812 proved that a strong national government was a good thing. 1811: The First bank of the United States had closed because the charter ran out 1816: The Second National bank opened and had to deal with the problem of inflation; when the dollar loses its value. British competition with goods was huge. The British had industrialized sooner and were able to sell products at a cheaper price. Tariff of 1816 was passed once again place high tax on imports to try to increase the use of American made goods.

Growing Sectionalism The new tariff dispute illustrated a growing sectionalism Sectionalism- differences in the goals and interests of different parts of the country Three distinct sections in the U.S. during the 1800s: North, South, and West Leaders of these sections were nationalists (supported the United States) yet they wanted to protect their own interests

Nationalism and the Supreme Court Fletcher v. Peck (1810)- Supreme Court ruled that courts could declare acts of a state government void if they violated provisions in the Constitution. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- Supreme Court ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the United States because it was the property of the national government. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- Supreme Court said that only Congress had the power to make laws governing interstate commerce, or trade between states. This case was about New York giving a monopoly to one steamship owner to run ships between New York and New Jersey

Missouri Compromise 1819- Missouri wanted to be a state Most people who lived in Missouri came from Tennessee and Kentucky, they wanted Missouri to have slaves too One representative said Missouri could be a state only if it abolished slavery House of Representatives said yes, Senate said no To keep the balance: Maine was admitted into the Union as a free state and Missouri was admitted into the Union as a slave state Missouri Compromise Line: north of line must be free states or territories, south of the line can own slaves

Invasion of Florida 1818 General Andrew Jackson entered Florida and seized St. Marks and Pensacola from the Spanish Spain was furious, but they realized they could not hold Florida against the Americans 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain ceded (gave up control) of Florida to the United States 1821 Spanish flag lowered in Pensacola and St. Augustine

The Monroe Doctrine December 2, 1823 The President issued a statement The United States would not get involved with internal affairs or wars in Europe The United States would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas Declared that North or South America should not be considered subjects for future European colonization Europe keep out of the Americas

Chapter 12.1 Jacksonian Democracy

Adams as President During his first message to Congress, Adams announced his plans for improving roads and waterways, build a national university, and support scientific research. Adams met opposition, his opponents said that the federal government should be limited and it was wrong for the government to spend money on such projects. Congress only approved funds for improving rivers, harbors, and roads

Election of 1828 By 1828, Democratic Republic Party had split Andrew Jackson’s supporters called themselves Democrats John Quincy Adams’ supporters called themselves National Republicans Democrats favored states’ rights and distrusted strong central government National Republicans wanted a strong central government, they supported building roads and a national bank During the campaign, both sides resorted to mudslinging (using gossip and lies to make the opponent look bad) They also used slogans, buttons, and rallies This now became a regular part of American political life

Jackson as President Andrew Jackson: patriot, self-made man, and a war hero He promised “equal protection and equal benefits” for all Americans All Americans meaning all white American men In 1829, Jackson fired many federal workers and replaced them with his supporters This practice of replacing current government employees with supporters of the winner is called the spoils system