Cells Packet 3

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES An ORGANELLE is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function (or job) in the cell. Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Holds & protects the genetic information of the cell. Separates the cell from the outside and controls what enters and leaves the cell Provides added structure & support. Found outside the cell membrane. Location of protein production Nucleolus DNA NUCLEUS NO YES YES Nuclear Envelope Cell Membrane Cell Wall CELL MEMBRANE YES YES YES YES YES NO CELL WALL RIBOSOME YES YES YES

Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Transport channel of proteins Stacks of membranes that collect, modify, repackage & release proteins for use in or out of the cell. An organelle that contains digestive enzymes used to clean up old worn out parts of the cell (or waste). Uses energy from the sun to make . This process is called ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R) NO YES YES GOLGI APPARTUS (BODIES) NO YES YES LYSOSOMES NO NO YES NO YES NO CHLOROPLAST GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Makes _______ - a usable form of cell energy. This process is called Sac like structure that stores materials such as water, salts, carbs, and proteins. Framework of filaments and fibers that supports the cell structure. ATP MITOCHONDRIA NO YES YES CELLULAR RESPIRATION Plant Cell NO YES YES (Large (Small) Central) Vacuole VACUOLE Nucleus YES YES YES CYTOSKELETON

Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Part of the cytoskeleton – long whip-like tail that helps with movement Part of the cytoskeleton – many small hairs that helps with movement as well Part of the cytoskeleton that help with cell division FLAGELLUM YES NO YES Flagellum CILIA NO NO YES CENTRIOLES NO NO YES Pathway for Proteins: proteins made at ribosome proteins travel thru E.R. Proteins modified/ sorted/shipped out of Golgi

Discovery of the Cell I. Hierarchy of Life: II. Cell Theory ATOMS * combine together to make → MOLECULES* combine together to make → MACROMOLECULES combine together to make → ORGANELLES may combine together to make → CELLS may combine together to make → TISSUES may combine together to make → ORGANS may combine together to make → ORGAN SYSTEMS may combine together to make → ORGANISM *Atoms and compounds are not living, but must be combined to form a living cell or organism of many cells, such as a human. Basic Unit of Life II. Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

All cells can be divided into one of two categories based upon their complexity: Prokaryotic Cells are very SMALL Do not have a NUCLEUS (the part that contains the DNA) Do not have membrane bound ORGANELLES Usually small and UNICELLULAR (meaning they are made up of a single cell) Example: BACTERIA Eukaryotic Cells are LARGER Have a NUCLEUS Have membrane bound ORGANELLES Can be both unicellular and MULTICELLULAR (are made of many cells). Example: Cells of PLANTS or ANIMALS Structures that are common to all cells are: DNA CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM RIBOSOMES

Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement: Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Organisms that have cells lacking internal membrane bound structures. X Do not have a nucleus Can be either single-celled or made up of many cells Are always single-celled organisms. Organisms that have cells containing membrane bound organelles

Microscopes 10 x 10 = 100 Types of Microscopes Compound Light Microscope: Uses two lenses: Used to magnify and show detail of a specimen (one that light can pass through). Image is as a result of the lenses that are used. Can magnify up to 1500-2000 times (The ones we have only magnify up to times). The equation below is used to calculate total magnification: Total magnification = magnification of X magnification of Ex: If the eyepiece magnifies the image 10x and the low power objective magnifies the image 10x, then the total magnification of the image would be: OBJECTIVES and OCULAR (EYEPIECE) TRANSLUCENT INVERTED 400 OBJECTIVE lens OCULAR lens 10 x 10 = 100

Microscopes Continued - This is the visible area seen through the microscope when the specimen is in focus. The greater the magnification, the ___________ the field of view will be. FIELD OF VIEW SMALLER LOWEST (SCANNING) POWER LOW POWER HIGH POWER 2. Stereomicroscope (also known as ________________________Microscope). Useful when viewing objects that are too ____________________or too ___________for the compound light microscope. Unlike the compound light microscope, the images seen are not inverted. This is because you are using _______________eyepieces (binocular scope). Can only magnify up to _______ - _______times. DISSECTING LARGE THICK TWO 4X – 50X

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES 3. Scanning Electron Microscopes – _______* SEM Shows the ________________only Can magnify up to __________times SEM SURFACE 100,000 4. Transmission Electron Microscope – ___________* Electrons pass through the object - allows you to “see” _______ Can magnify up to ___________times ** A big problem of the SEM and TEM is that the specimen must be ______________________ in order to view in with one of these microscopes. TEM INSIDE 200,000 DEAD

Compound Light Microscope Identify the name of the following parts of the microscope and the letter that represents that part on the diagram. OCULAR LENS (EYEPIECE) ________________ - what you look through. Magnifies the image 10x. _________________ - works with Part 1 to further magnify the image. There are 3 different magnification levels shown on this microscope. __________________ - Platform where the slide is placed. __________________ - Holds the specimen __________________ - Covers the specimen on the slide. __________________ - Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen. __________________ - Supports the microscope. Where you place one hand when carrying. __________________ - - Brings the image into sharp focus. __________________ - Only used on lowest (scanning) power to bring the image into focus. __________________ - Holds the slide in place on the stage. __________________ - Supports the microscope and where your other hand is placed when carrying. OBJECTIVE LENS STAGE SLIDE COVERSLIP DIAPHRAGM BASE FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB STAGE CLIPS ARM

The Evolution of a Cell (Simple to Complex) Evolution of Life - the order of their suspected appearance on Earth) The first life forms: Were they? Circle one of the pairs of terms below Explanation or What chemical process occurred that allowed there to be aerobic organisms? SIMPLEST CELL – NO NUCLEUS prokaryotic eukaryotic HETEROTROPHS JUST EAT FOOD, THEY DON’T ACTUALLY MAKE IT autotrophic heterotrophic Aerobic (used oxygen) THERE WASN’T ANY OXYGEN ON EARLY EARTH Anaerobic (didn’t use oxygen) PHOTOSYNTHESIS BECAUSE IT RELEASES OXYGEN Based on the info from the table – list the order of organisms as they appeared on Earth. ANAEROBIC, HETEROTROPHIC PROKARYOTES ANAEROBIC, AUTOTROPHIC PROKARYOTES AEROBIC PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about? Endosymbiotic Theory – endo means IN symbiotic means RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 ORGANISMS so…… Smaller PROKARYOTES entered inside larger prokaryotes. The smaller prokaryote(s) got PROTECTION The larger prokaryote got FOOD This smaller cell was really good at producing ATP and came to be known as the MITOCHONDRIA Eventually a 2nd small prokaryotic cell was engulfed by the larger cell… This cell was really good at absorbing solar energy and using it to make food for itself and came to be known as the CHLOROPLAST.

Support for the endosymbiotic theory:| Unlike other organelles, mitochondria & chloroplasts both REPRODUCE independently of the cell. Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain their own DNA Both have two MEMBRANES around them. Endosymbiosis Animation

Early Earth Earth is formed with toxic gases, water vapor, and no oxygen Earth’s surface cools and water vapor forms oceans as it rains Simple organic molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates form from the thunderstorms Protocells (non-living groups of molecules) form and contain RNA Prokaryotic cells form. Prokaryotes are simple cells that include bacteria. Photosynthetic prokaryotes form adding oxygen to the atmosphere Ozone (O3) layer forms from atmospheric oxygen to protect Earth Eukaryotic cells (more complex cells with a nucleus) form through endosymbiosis Multicellular eukaryotes form

Cell Specialization Type of cell Picture Function Nerve cell Long and forms chains with other nerve cells to send signals through the body Villi in the small intestine Increased surface area to absorb many nutrients Red blood cell Round to fit through blood vessels Sperm cell Has a tail (flagella) for swimming Skin cells Many layers to protect the body

Cell Specialization Why are cells specialized? What are stem cells? – So different cells can perform different functions. What are stem cells? – Cells that can become anything. They have not differentiated or become specialized yet.