Imperialism

Imperialism and America – Page 121 As the 19th century ended U.S. embarked on an aggressive foreign policy Why? acquire natural resources Annexation of Alaska favorable trade routes imperialism more influence in international politics Annexation of Hawaii enforce the Roosevelt Corollary and Monroe Doctrine The practice of strong countries taking economic, political, and military power over weaker countries. Spanish-American War spread American culture Annexation of Puerto Rico Influence in the Philippines

Imperialism and America – Page 121 Alfred T. Mahan Acquisition of Hawaii Why? American imperialist and admiral who urged the United States to build up its navy and take colonies overseas refueling station for ships going to Asia Naval base USS Oregon USS Maine American had established sugar plantations favorable trade routes McKinley tariff tariff free import Second Industrial Revolution created a surplus of consumer goods Sugar growers called for annexation to end the duty which hurt their profits

Imperialism and America – Page 121 Queen Liliuokalani Wants to return voting power to native Hawaiians But Queen of the Hawaiian Islands following the death of her brother. American business men don’t want that to happed Americans organize a revolt against the Queen Sanford Dole planters take control of island President Cleveland refuses but President McKinley agrees so in 1898 Hawaii becomes a U.S. territory. Dole as President of the island asked for U.S. annexation

The Spanish-American War – Page 123 American invest heavily in Cuban sugar plantations United States implements a tariff on sugar No tariff on sugar imports from Cuba collapsing Cuban economy Cubans fight for independence from Spain thriving Cuban economy

The Spanish-American War – Page 123 Cuban War for Independence Jose Marti Political activist that worked for Cuban independence and asked for American help Mixed public opinion Concentration Camps General Valeriano Weyler Spanish general sent to Cuba to restore order in 1896 300,000 prisoners

The Spanish-American War – Page 123 Yellow Journalism Call for President McKinley to declare war Newspaper and magazine reporting that exaggerates the news in order to make it more exciting But Fake News McKinley and Spain are actively pursuing peace negotiations Written by the Spanish minister in D.C., stolen by Hearst’s newspaper, said that McKinley was weak de Lome letter An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havana cripples the warship USS Maine Hearst newspapers exaggerate the incident to force McKinley to declare war on Spain

The Spanish-American War – Page 123 War is declared George Dewey sails to the Philippines and destroys the Spanish fleet Congress pledges to help Cuba in its quest for independence Spanish colony Helping the Filipinos fight for independence Spanish surrender Teddy Roosevelt leads the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill, Cuba Spanish fleet in Havana Bay are destroyed

The Spanish-American War – Page 123 Treaty of Paris ends the Spanish-American War Cuba is independent prisoners of war exchanged U.S. pays $20 million to annex the Philippines citizens could retain Spanish citizenship U.S. receives Guam and Puerto Rico as territories

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 Puerto Rico American military was there to protect Puerto Ricans. But Puerto Ricans begin to resent U.S. military they insulted Puerto Ricans Foraker Act ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 Cuba American occupation But Cuba becomes a protectorate Cubans write a new constitution Platt Amendment specified conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba’s internal affairs

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 Philippines American annexation But Filipinos feel betrayed Filipinos believed the U.S. had promised independence Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino rebel leader who started a rebellion against U.S. annexation.

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 Why does the U.S. want the Philippines so bad? excellent naval base excellent trading post new market supply of raw materials

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 China trade John Hay’s Open Door Notes (Policy) put the United States on equal footing with other nations regarding trade asks imperial nations to respect equal trading opportunities, specifically in China

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 Africa no interest Why not? Africa is already colonized by European nations

Acquiring New Lands – Page 125 Anti-Imperialists most Americans support imperialism Why as a free country, it goes contrary to our ideals to rule (subjugate) a nation American think they are awesome!

American as a World Power – Page 127 Russo-Japanese War Japanese ask Roosevelt to mediate a truce Nobel Peace Prize for Roosevelt Panama Canal Political Problems Panama agrees to allow U.S. to build the canal Panama is part of Columbia canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to reduce shipping times and eliminates need to ship by rail Panama rebels Panama becomes independent America gains sovereignty over canal with the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

American as a World Power – Page 127 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Construction takes 10 years Treaty that gives America sovereignty over the Panama Canal Zone Hard and dangers work for 43,400 workers Roosevelt Corollary Opens August 15, 1914 Extension of the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. has the right to protect its economic interests in the Western Hemisphere by military force if necessary would refrain from aggression use diplomatic means first military action for self-defense

American as a World Power – Page 127 Nicaragua Taft uses Roosevelt Corollary to protect U.S. interests in Nicaragua U.S. loans money to Nicaragua Nicaraguans rebel and U.S. sends troops to keep peace U.S. takes control of railroads and banks U.S. collects customs duties Dollar Diplomacy policy of intervening in other countries to protect U.S. business interests

American as a World Power – Page 127 Mexican Revolution Wilson uses moral diplomacy Mexican peasants and workers rebel against military dictator U.S. wouldn’t recognize oppressive governments send in U.S. troops and new leader, Carranza Wilson refuses to support Huerta government Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata rebel against Carranza U.S. sends in troops again under John J. Pershing Mexicans see it as an invasion U.S. withdraws troops and Mexico eventually stabilizes