- Part 2 “2nd Industrial Revolution” & “The West” 1870 1890 1860s 1900 ** Immigration (1) Pg. 313: Top two paragraphs (right side) “In 1881, nearly three quarters … to seek jobs in the cities” – what was the impact of immigrants? (2) Pg. 334 & top of 335: Who were the “new immigrants?” (3) Pg. 336: Immigrants & Optimism – from the Russian Jewish woman’s quote, why was she optimistic? (4) Pg. 339: Two paragraphs under heading “Immigrants’ Contributions to American Culture” – (1) what did immigrants bring to America, and (2) what were some individual contributions?

What does it mean to be an American?

“E Pluribus Unum” “Out of many, One”

- Part 2 “2nd Industrial Revolution” & “The West” 1870 1890 1860s 1900 ** Immigration (1) Pg. 313: Top two paragraphs (right side) “In 1881, nearly three quarters … to seek jobs in the cities” – what was the impact of immigrants? (2) Pg. 334 & top of 335: Who were the “new immigrants?” (3) Pg. 336: Immigrants & Optimism – from the Russian Jewish woman’s quote, why was she optimistic? (4) Pg. 339: Two paragraphs under heading “Immigrants’ Contributions to American Culture” – (1) what did immigrants bring to America, and (2) what were some individual contributions?

Impact of Immigrants … Immigrants were willing to work for low wages due to tough competition for jobs; they were prepared to move in pursuit of economic opportunity; and all of this means factories have a huge, willing workforce ready to help fuel economic growth.

Handout, “New Immigrants and Old” (1) What major differences between the “Old” and “New” immigrants stand out to you? (2) Looking at the immigration statistics, what numbers stand out to you, and looking at the total U.S. population below (say, in 1870 it’s 38.5 million people), how might this affect the United States? 1870 - 5,567,229 1880 - 6,679,943 1890 - 9,249,547 1900 - 10,341,276 1910 - 13,515,886 1920 - 13,920,692

What does it mean to be an American?

What ideas do you see here?

What does it mean to be an American?

At the turn of the century, most immigrants to the united States settled in cities because…

(1) Availability of large numbers of jobs (2) Excitement of city life

What is an immigrant? An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country.

Why They Came? Push Factors - Farm poverty and worker uncertainty - Wars and compulsory military service - Political tyranny - Religious persecution - Population pressures Pull Factors - Plenty of land and work - Higher standard of living - Democratic political system - Opportunity for social advancement

What is Nativism? ** “Nativism” is a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants. ** Very negative connotation, with a racist and highly negative cultural sentiment.

“Old” Immigrants were WASPs – White, Anglo-Saxon protestants Why Nativism? Causes of nativism? (write these …) Old – Northern Europeans: Ireland, Germany, England, and Scandinavian countries. Before the Civil War (write this …) “Old” Immigrants were WASPs – White, Anglo-Saxon protestants - “Americanized” - Immigration a “problem” …

Cultural Differences between … “Old” Immigrants were WASPs – White, Anglo-Saxon protestants - Newcomers needed to be “Americanized” - Immigration a “problem to be solved” “New” Immigrants were largely Catholic and Jewish - Resisted complete “Americanization”

Efforts to retain the Culture: “New” Immigrants Largely urban dwellers - By 1900, percentage of foreign born … Efforts to retain the Culture: (1) “Saloon culture” versus the “Sunday Blue Laws” / Puritan culture … (2) Practiced “Chain migration” … (3) Parochial Schools … (4) Settled in “Ethnic Enclaves” …

Tenement houses

Dangerous living conditions – pg. 345-346

Dangerous living conditions – “Great Chicago Fire” (1871)

Child Labor – pg. 328, 395-396

Dangerous working conditions – pg. 327-328

Attractions of City Life – pg. 350-352 Ashley

Mass Transit & Technology Improving City Life – pg. 343-344 1 Jan 1883 - The Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, linking Manhattan to Brooklyn 1 Jan 1887 – First electric street car, Richmond, VA. 1890 – 1 in 3 American live in cities