How were the rights of African Americans denied during the Progressive Era?

In the South, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and poll taxes were devices used to deny African Americans the right to vote.

Jim Crow laws were passed by Southern state governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans, making racial segregation legal in public facilities.

In the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was constitutional if “separate” facilities were “equal”. Homer Plessy

Booker T. Washington and W. E. B Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were two early civil rights leaders who supported African Americans gaining social equality. Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois

Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama Washington believed that African Americans should get a vocational education and earn their equality. Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama

Du Bois believed that African Americans should get a liberal education and demand their equality.