Quick Quiz Define the terms Describe Vealey’s Sports Confience Model - sports confidence - self-efficacy - self-esteem Describe Vealey’s Sports Confience Model Describe Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy

Psychological factors affecting performance Sports Psychology Leadership

Learning Objectives Learning Objective: Understand how leaders can affect group performance Learning Outcomes: All: Describe the characteristics of an effective leader and the styles, theories and Chelladurai’s model of sports leadership Most: Explain the theories of sports leadership Some: Apply the theories to a variety of sporting examples and evaluate them.

Key Terms Emergent leader Prescribed leader Autocratic leader Democratic leader Laissez-faire leader Trait perspective Social learning theory Interactionist theory Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership

Key Terms Emergent leader Prescribed leader Autocratic leader Democratic leader Laissez-faire leader Trait perspective Social learning theory Interactionist theory Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership

What makes an effective leader Good communication skills High motivation Enthusiasm Having a clear goal or vision of what needs to be achieved Empathy (an ability to put yourself in the position of others to understand how they feel) Being good at the sport themselves or having a comprehensive knowledge of the sport Charisma – this is a quality that is difficult to analyse, but the person who has charisma is hard to ignore, and has a certain presence and great powers of persuasion

Emergent and prescribed leaders Emergent leaders Come from within the group because they are skilful or because the rest of the team selected them Emergent leaders can win over the hearts and minds of team mates because they are recognised as being one of their own. They many lack objectivity and have their own friendships within the group that might colour their judgements. Prescribed leaders Appointed to a team from an external source. Prescribed leaders have the advantage of being more objective and could bring a fresh pair of eyes which might result in more creative strategies being implemented They may carry more authority or power that has been given to them by others They do not share or may not be aware of the team culture or ways of working or friendship groups, which might delay effective decision making.

Leadership styles Autocratic / authoritarian Democratic Laissez-faire Task oriented and dictatorial in style Make most of the decisions and tend to have commanding and directing approaches They show little interest in the individuals making up the group. Democratic Person oriented and value the views of other group members Tend to share decisions Show a good deal of interest in the individuals of the group Laissez-faire Make very few decisions and give very little feedback Individual group members mostly do as they wish

When are each leadership style most effective? Autocratic - Used when discipline and control are needed or when there are hostile groups involved. Used if there is a lack of time or for early stages of learning, novice performers or when a situation is dangerous. Democratic Used when group members are able to participate in decision-making. Used for advanced performers who have the knowledge to contribute. For social or friendly teams when a task demands more interpersonal communication. Laissez-faire - suitable for high-level performers or elite athletes. - Helps develop creativity

Theories of leadership Trait perspective Leaders are born Social learning theory Leaders learn from others Interactionist theory Leaders are born with certain traits that may be influenced by others.

Chelladurai’s Multi-dimensional model of sports leadership

Exam Questions June 2013 – 3c – Describe the characteristics of the following styles of leadership and explain when they might be used in sport Task-oriented Social-oriented Laissez-faire (6)