Industrialization and Nationalism Chapter 10 Industrialization and Nationalism

Enduring Questions How can innovation affect ways of life? How does revolution bring about political and economic change?

Guiding Question What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America? What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe?

Industrial Revolution

I. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

Agricultural Revolution Started in 1780s- 5 factors: Agricultural Revolution- Increase in food supply- expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, new crops Lower price in food with less labor Could buy manufactured goods Machines replaced human labor

Urbanization – Movement of people to cities Capital Population grew Urbanization – Movement of people to cities Peasants moved to towns Capital Ready supply of money Invested in new machines and factories Entrepreneurs – people who start their own business

Natural resources Supply of markets Rivers= water power for factories and transportation of raw materials Coal and iron ore Supply of markets Colonies Ship goods Domestic markets increased Tenement Buildings - Apartments

A. Cotton Production and New Factories Cottage industry- tasks done by individuals in rural homes Inexpensive way to manufacture cloth goods

Inventions made cottage industry inefficient Spinning jenny- faster thread production Water-powered loom- faster weaving of cloth Steam engine- faster machines

Water-powered loom Spinning jenny Steam engine

B. Coal, Iron, and Railroads Steam engine- crucial to the IR and relied on coal

Railroads- locomotives used to transport more goods quickly New jobs created Less expensive transportation  lower-priced goods  larger markets More sales  more demand  more need for factories and machines Regular, ongoing economic growth is the basic feature of the industrial economy

What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

II. The Spread of Industrialization What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America?

Great Britain- the first industrialized nation in the world Richest nation ½ of world’s coal and manufactured goods Cotton industry = industries of all European countries combined

Belgium, France, and German states next to be industrialized Governments promoted it

IR reaches America in the first half of the 19th century Increase in population  increase in cities Good transportation system created Roads, canals, and steamboats to connect east and west Railroad- most important development in American transportation; continental U.S.

Women and girls worked in textile factories

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What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America?

III. Social Impact of Industrialization What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe?

A. Population Growth and Urbanization European population doubled (1750- 140 mill. people/ 1850- 266 mill.) Decline in death rates, wars, epidemic diseases and increase in food supply

Migration Global migration- large movement of peoples across the globe Famine and poverty caused move to America

Europe Industrialization and urbanization in Europe Movement of people from countryside to cities to work in factories London became the largest city 2.5 million people 50% of population live in town and cities

B. New Social Classes Industrial capitalism- economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing Industrial middle class- people who built factories, bought machines, developed markets Industrial working class- awful working conditions; 12-16 hour work days/6 days a week, no minimum wage, no job security, cramped conditions

Role of women and children 2/3 of cotton industry workforce Factory Act of 1833- minimum age at 9 and limited work hours for children After 1833- women 50% of workforce in textile factories, paid ½ or less than men After change in work hours- women took daily care of children and worked low-paying jobs at home while men became income earners

C. Early Socialism Socialism- economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls some means of production Karl Marx – wrote book called Communist Manifesto Popular belief among lower class citizens

Labor Unions Were formed as a result of the changing nature of work Labor union - legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States Sought to address issues such as working conditions, wages and terms of employment.

Collective Bargaining Concept of creating contract between employers and workers Employees negotiate working conditions and salary terms with their bosses If terms cannot be met, workers go on strike

Problems in Society Several problems occurred in society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of the following: Industrial capitalism Urbanization Political corruption

Farmer’s Alliance and Populism in U.S. Populism: siding with the “people” over the “elites” Established as a reaction to poor conditions resulting from industrialization Based among poor white cotton farmers in the south and wheat farmers in the Great Plaines Showed hostility to banks, railroads, and elites Populist party selected William Jennings Bryan as a presidential candidate

Muckrackers Journalists who exposed Political corruption Corporate and industrial practices Social injustice in urban America

Anti-Trust Laws Antitrust legislation – meant to regulate the actions of corporations and businesses Monopoly – when one business controls all aspects of production for a product

Pure Food and Drug Act Prevented the sale of misbranded or altered food and drug products Ensured meat products were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions

Federal Reserve Act Created the central banking system of the United States Controls the money supply in the United States

Progressive Reforms in U.S. Conservation gains (U.S. Forest Service/National Park Service) Made political process more democratic 16th Amendment – power of Congress to levy income taxes 17th Amendment – direct election of U.S. Senators 18th Amendment – Prohibition of alcoholic beverage sales 19th Amendment – women’s suffrage rights