Fig. 1. Position and orientation of hives during transport

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Fig. 1. Position and orientation of hives during transport Fig. 1. Position and orientation of hives during transport. Hives were organized on pallets with two facing out and ... Fig. 1. Position and orientation of hives during transport. Hives were organized on pallets with two facing out and two facing toward the interior center aisle, stacked three pallets high. Hives with temperature sensors are labeled by orientation and location. Orientation (I, O) of hives is indicated by ‘I’ for hives facing the central aisle and ‘O’ for hives facing outward. Position (F, M, B) indicates front, middle, or back location of hives on the trailer. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Environ Entomol, nvz027, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz027 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 2. Assessment of colony strength Fig. 2. Assessment of colony strength. Colony strength was assessed by visual count of active colonized frames within ... Fig. 2. Assessment of colony strength. Colony strength was assessed by visual count of active colonized frames within each hive. Colony strength was assessed prior to departure, after arrival, and at semi-regular intervals. Colonies that lost thermoregulation during shipping are indicated by an asterisk (*). Colonies with fewer active frames experience disproportionate loss during shipping, while larger colonies maintain stable populations (Z = −2.191, P < 0.05). Departure strength, arrival strength, and the loss of thermoregulation during shipping all significantly interact to affect colony survival, with smaller colonies failing faster than larger colonies (Z = −4.366, P < 0.0001). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Environ Entomol, nvz027, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz027 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 3. Internal temperature of hives and number of colonized frames during transportation from North Dakota to ... Fig. 3. Internal temperature of hives and number of colonized frames during transportation from North Dakota to California. Hive temperature during transportation was recorded hourly. Orientation (I, O) of hives is indicated by ‘I’ for hives facing the central aisle and ‘O’ for hives facing outward. Position (F, M, B) indicates front, middle, or back location of hives on the trailer. The number of actively colonized frames is indicated for each hive. External temperature is shown in black. Hive orientation had a significant effect on thermoregulation, with hives facing inward more likely to lose thermoregulation (F = 10.523, P = 0.023). Colony size at departure, indicated as the number of active frames, did not significantly affect thermoregulation (F = 4.266, P = 0.094) nor did hive location (F = 0.024, P = 0.976). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Environ Entomol, nvz027, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz027 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 4. Hive temperature by location and orientation Fig. 4. Hive temperature by location and orientation. Internal hive temperature was measured at 1 h intervals ... Fig. 4. Hive temperature by location and orientation. Internal hive temperature was measured at 1 h intervals throughout transportation. A sensor outside the hive recorded external temperature. Hives facing the center aisle (In) have significantly greater variation in mean temperature and difficulty maintaining thermoregulation (F = 10.523, P = 0.023). Those facing the road (Out) have significantly less variation in mean temperature (a). While mean temperature varies by location on the trailer (b), location was not a significant predictor of loss of thermoregulation (F = 0.024, P = 0.976). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Environ Entomol, nvz027, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz027 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 5. Expression profile of transcripts at sampling intervals before shipping, immediately after arrival, and after ... Fig. 5. Expression profile of transcripts at sampling intervals before shipping, immediately after arrival, and after a recovery period. RNA was extracted from workers from 9 hives at three intervals, immediately prior to departure from the Towner, North Dakota bee yard (day 1, October 9), after arrival in Sheep Ranch, California (day 5, October 15), and after a recovery period in Sheep Ranch, California (day 21, November 5). Discrepancy in the total number of up or down-regulated genes shown in the Venn diagram reflects change in the direction of expression of genes shared between comparisons. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Environ Entomol, nvz027, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz027 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.