Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions for Pain Reduction in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled.

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Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions for Pain Reduction in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials  Thibaut Demaneuf, MSc, Zoe Aitken, MSc, Amalia Karahalios, PhD, Teng Ieng Leong, BSc, Alysha M. De Livera, PhD, George A. Jelinek, MD, Tracey J. Weiland, PhD, Claudia H. Marck, PhD  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  Volume 100, Issue 1, Pages 128-139 (January 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.178 Copyright © 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Flowchart showing the results from literature search of CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO performed on 04/04/2017. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2019 100, 128-139DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.178) Copyright © 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Forest plot showing the SMD of the effect of exercise interventions to passive control on the level of pain using a random-effects model. The black vertical line indicates the line of no effect; the dotted line represents the pooled effect; a positive SMD implies that exercise (compared with passive control) leads to increased pain, whereas a negative SMD implies that exercise (compared with passive control) leads to decreased pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2019 100, 128-139DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.178) Copyright © 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Funnel plots with contour showing 95% confidence limit for the meta-analysis of the included studies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2019 100, 128-139DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.178) Copyright © 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Forest plot showing the SMD of total effect of exercise on the level of pain using a random effects model comparing pain between intervention and control groups. The black vertical line indicates the line of no effect; the dotted line represents the overall estimated effect; a positive SMD equals intervention increased pain in intervention compared to control; a negative SMD equals intervention increased pain in intervention compared to control. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2019 100, 128-139DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.178) Copyright © 2018 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

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