England: The Decline of “Absolutism” and the English Civil War Unit 2 - Day 7

A Short History of Parliament Question: What is Parliament? Westminster Palace – Home to Parliament since 1295

A Short History of Parliament Middle Ages: Before Parliament, King’s Council of Nobles and Clergy called to advise on important matters 1215: After a revolt of Barons, King John signs Magna Carta establishes a “Great Council” of nobles who must approve important measures such as taxes 1295: Edward I invites not just nobles but also 2 knights from each shire (rural district) and 2 burghers from each town to act as representatives at the “Model Parliament” 1341: Parliament splits into Upper Chamber (nobles and clergy) and Lower Chamber (knights and burghers) ; after 1544 known as House of Lords and House of Commons 1341-1628 – Parliament meets irregularly, when called by king or queen. Usually called to approve measures (esp. taxes), but can also propose legislation. - At the same time, when called by the monarch Parliament has an opportunity to voice its discontent, and does occasionally fail to approve taxes or issue reciprocal demands - During this period, Commons becomes very powerful 1629-1640 Charles I dissolves Parliament for 11 years 1640- Wars in Scotland force Charles to call Parliament to grant taxes 1640-1660 – “Long Parliament” meets

The Causes of the English Civil War Question: Why does Absolutism fail in England when it succeeds in France and Russia? The Stuart Monarchs: James I (left) and Charles I (right)

“Roundheads” and “Cavaliers” In the aftermath of the recall of Parliament, England splits into two warring factions. Royalist Army Parliamentary Army Formed after Parliament refuses to fund the formation of an army to put down rebellion in Scotland and Ireland Made up of nobles, some rural gentry, mercenaries Referred to themselves as “cavaliers” Created in response to Royalist Army Made up of militia of London, members of rural gentry with business connections, “Puritans” upset by attempts to make Anglican Church more Catholic Referred to by the Royalists as “roundheads” after the short hairstyles favored by Puritans

Civil War or Revolution? Some historians prefer the term “English Revolution” to “English Civil war,” what reasons might they have for preferring this term? Which do you believe is more appropriate?

Interregnum: From Commonwealth to Protectorate Question: Who was Oliver Cromwell? The New Model Army at the Battle of Nasby Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653-1658