Single cell sorting identifies progenitor cell population from full thickness bovine articular cartilage  Y. Yu, H. Zheng, J.A. Buckwalter, J.A. Martin 

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Single cell sorting identifies progenitor cell population from full thickness bovine articular cartilage  Y. Yu, H. Zheng, J.A. Buckwalter, J.A. Martin  Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  Volume 22, Issue 9, Pages 1318-1326 (September 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.002 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Experimental schematics and customized apparatus. A) Flow diagram representing the methodology for isolating and characterizing cartilage progenitor cells. B) A customize-made apparatus for separating superficial and deep cartilage from 6 mm cartilage biopsy, with a caliper, and sample holder, and a blade socket. C) Histological image showing full thickness bovine articular cartilage (Scale bar represents 500 μm). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1318-1326DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.002) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Fluorescent images of different types of colonies and their relative ratio and dimension. A) Small colony. B) Big colony. C) Confluent colony. D) The percentage of different type of colonies from full thickness cartilage, and superficial 1/3 and deep 2/3, respectively. E) The criteria used for categorized colonies in regard to their size and cell number. (Scale bars = 200 microns) F) Non-colony forming cells with characteristic cobblestone-like shape of chondrocytes. G) CFCs displayed more stretched fibroblast-like morphology similar to mesenchymal stem cells. (Scale bar = 50 microns). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1318-1326DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.002) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Gene expression of HCCs (BCs and CCs). A, B) Real-time qRT-PCR and/or agarose gel electrophoresis showed significant overexpression of stem/progenitor cell makers ABCG2, TERT and Notch1 in BCs and CCs compared with NCs. C) A array of MSCs markers were significantly over-expressed level in BCs and CCs vs NCs. D) Higher expression of chondrogenic transcription factor SOX-9 and osteogenic transcription factor RUNX-2 in BCs and CCs relative to NCs. E) CCs showed positive staining for both ABCG2 (upper right) and Notch-1 (lower right) in comparison to NCs. (Scale bar represents 50 μm). The error bars in each plot represent the 95% confidence interval (CI). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1318-1326DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.002) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Multi-lineage differentiation of HCCs and chemotactic migration A) Chondrogenic differentiation in pellet culture. Safranin-O/fast green staining displayed strong proteoglycan deposition. B) Osteogenic differentiation in monolayer cultured HCCs. Alizarin Red (dark red) staining showed massive calcium phosphate deposition. C) Adipogenic differentiation in monolayer HCCs. Only few cells were positive for Oil Red O staining. D) Migrating cells respond to HMGB1 stimulation. HCCs were strongly chemotactic to HMGB1, with significantly higher cell migration than treated with SF; HCCs also showed significantly higher migration than NCs upon HMGB1 stimulation. Numbers above the bars indicate P values for differences between each group; Bars show the mean ± 95% CI. (Scale bar represents 200 μm). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1318-1326DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.002) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Functional difference of superficial and deep HCCs. A) Deep HCCs showed superior chondrogenic potential with stronger Safranin-O staining for proteoglycan on both day 7 (left) and day 21 (right), and also showed higher chondrogenic genes expression. B) Deep HCCs had stronger osteogenic ability than superficial HCCs, with more calcium phosphate deposition on Alizarin Red staining and osteogenic markers higher expression. C) Superficial HCCs displayed higher level of lubricin both for immunostaining and gene expression than deep HCCs. The error bars in each plot represent the 95% CI. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1318-1326DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.002) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions