Eastern Europe.

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Presentation transcript:

Eastern Europe

9 March 1989 – 27 April 1992 Peaceful transfer of power, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Albania German reunification Violent transfer of power in Romania Breakup of the Soviet Union Breakup of Czechoslovakia in the Czech Republic and Slovakia Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of conflict Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Intensification of the process of European integration New states created from former Soviet Union Integration of most former Warsaw Pact members into NATO

The Build up 1956 Hungarian Revolt 1968 Prague Spring 1980 Solidarity Economic Stagnation 1986 Glasnost and Perestroika Eastern European Resistance

Poland

Revolution Solidarity won a partially free election in Poland capturing 99 – 100 Senate seats Hungary Mass demonstrations on 15 March, the National Day parliament adopted legislation providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election

Velvet Revolution 17 November 1989, riot police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague Protests grew to 200,000 by 17 Nov Communist government resigned 28 Nov June 1990 elections held

Bulgaria

October and November 1989 demonstrations on ecological issues were staged in Sofia Todor Zhivkov was ousted by his Politburo succeeded by Petar Mladenov The new regime repealed restrictions on free speech and assembly demonstration on 17 November formation of anti-communist movements Mladenov announced on 11 December 1989 that the Communist Party would abandon its monopoly on power, and that multiparty elections would be held the following year.

Romania

Ceauşescu ordered a mass rally in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest on 21 December. the crowd booed and jeered him as he spoke. 22 December, the military changed sides. Romanian TV broadcasted their execution Dec 25 1989 The revolution resulted in 1,104 deaths

Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and the End of the USSR

On 1 July 1991, the Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved Gorbachev and Bush declared a US–Soviet strategic partnership, decisively marking the end of the Cold War first Lithuania, and then Estonia, Latvia and Armenia declared independence Two weeks later, 11 of the remaining 12 republics signed the Alma-Ata Protoco, Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president on 25 December, and the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself the next day.

How did this happen? Failure of the economic structure to meet the needs of the people Opening the door, Glasnost and Perestroika Unwillingness of regimes to use overwhelming force Domino effect Pre-communist national identities emerge

Beyond Europe All Soviet military troops withdraw from Afghanistan Collapse of Communism in Mongolia, Ethiopia and Yemen Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia ends End of the Cold War

Tiananmen Square protests China

Democracy did not result in rapid economic improvement 2008 Financial crisis furthered frustrations Eastern Europeans attracted to leaders who could defend them against outsiders –Immigrants and foreign banks Nationalism Illiberal Democracies

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